1. Anne Campbell (1982, 1984 a , 1984 b ) and Marsh and Paton (1986) have found overtly aggressive behavior to be accepted and employed by British working-class schoolgirls, "lower-class teenage girls," and American black and Hispanic gang members, girls and women ranging in age from 15 to 30.

2. Many of these studies can be found in the volume edited by Björkqvist

and Niemelä (1992 b ) and in a special issue of Sex Roles edited by Fry (in press). Other references include Browne (1987, 1988), Burbank (1987 b , 1992 b ), Campbell (1982, 1984 a ), Cook (1993), Marsh and Paton (1986), Schuster (1983, 1985), and Schuster and Hartz-Karp (1986).

3. At Mangrove, children are sometimes hit, but physical aggression that is injurious is proscribed and punished:

If a mother hits the child for something too hard or makes it bleed the father will hit her.

If a father hit [a child] too hard, the child's brother, uncle, or [grandfather] would make a big fight and tell the man not to hit hard.

According to these criteria, there is little child abuse apparent at Mangrove. In 1981, for example, a "European" nursing sister, who had worked on the settlement for just under two years, reported that no cases of child abuse had been brought to her attention. In 1988, an Aboriginal health worker reported that one mother had "bruised" her daughter but also said that she had ceased this behavior after the health worker and other women spoke to her.