1. ES to HFS, May 22, July 26, 1937, NWC.

2. ES to father, September 8, 1937, January 16, 1938, MP in ESC.

3. Coif, "A Matter of Timing," Publisher's Weekly , February 12, 1938, 838-839; Cerf, "News from Random House," October 22, 1937, ESC; JTTB , 191; Harold R. Isaacs, Images of Asia (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), 163 n.81; NW, "Notes on Sian Incident,'' 52; Diaries, Book 27, June 22, 1939; Richard O'Connor, Heywood Broun: A Biography (New York: Putnam's Sons, 1975), 205-224. "Now [June 1939] Broun thinks he made a mistake," Watts further told Snow (Diaries, ibid.). Looking back on RSOC in the late 1960s, Cerf was somewhat discomfited to think of the enthusiasm originally felt for the Red leaders who had since become America's bitter enemies (''The Reminiscences of Bennett Cerf" [Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, 1971], 373; interviews recorded in 1967 and 1968). According to Lois Snow, the Modern Library edition of RSOC was quietly withdrawn in the 1950s (Lois Snow to author, September 12, 1988 ). "It is a pity you didn't keep RSOC in the ML [Modern Library] as papa wanted you to do," Snow later gently chided Cerf (ES to Bennett Cerf, September 11, 1961, RHP).

4. Diaries, Book 21, November 13, 1937.

5. Isaacs, Images of Asia , 163 n.71, 155; Harry Price to ES and HFS, May 28, 1938, NWC; JTTB , 253-258; Hubert S. Liang, "Edgar Snow—The Man and His Work" (lecture at Nanjing University, May 1979, received from Florence Yu Liang; Ickes made his remarks to Liang in Washington in 1939); Diaries, Book 21, February 1938.

6. Henriette Herz to ES, November 12, 1937, ESP in ESC. While Herz (through whom the request was made) thought it "nonsense," she was nevertheless in a way "very pleased to hear of it, because we have advanced tremendously to see a commercial firm anxious to use a picture of two Soviet Chinese!" The photo appeared in ES, "The Long March," Asia 37 (November 1937): 746.

7. Daily Herald , October 11, 1937; New York Herald-Tribune , January 2, 1938; Pearl Buck's review in Asia 38 (March 1938): 202-203; Diaries, Book 26, November 26, 1938. On Evans Carlson, see JTTB , 196-197; and Michael Blankfort, The Big Yankee: The Life of Carlson of the Raiders (Boston: Little, Brown, 1947), 188-308. Though Carlson acted as one of President Roosevelt's confidants, sending reports from abroad directly to the president through his secretary, Margarite Le Hand, Carlson's unorthodox views and methods would earn him a "Red" sobriquet among the Marine Corps brass.

8. Henry Seidel Canby, "Books of the Book-of-the-Month Club," January 1938. Red Star was among "other books" recommended for the month. R. L. Duffus review, in New York Times , January 9, 1938; Asia 38 (March 1938): 202; Shewmaker ( Americans and Chinese Communists , 238-266) takes up the "agrarian reformers" thesis and refutes allegations of Snow's role in propagating it.

9. John Gunther, Inside Asia (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1939), 215; Diaries, Book 21, April 18, 1938.

10. Freda Utley, review, in New Statesman and Nation (London), November 6, 1937; Showmaker, Americans and Chinese Communists , 242-243. For one of Utley's later anti-Snow tirades, see "Red Star over Independence Square: The Strange Case of Edgar Snow and the Saturday Evening Post," Plain Talk , September 1947, 9-20.

11. Diaries, Book 21, January 5, 1938; M. G. [Max Granich], review, in China Today , December 1938, 18; ES, Geroicheskii narod Kitaya (Heroic people of China) (Moscow: C. K. VLKSM-Molodaya Gvardiya, 1938), 108 pages. The Random House RSOC had 450 pages of text.

12. Harry Price to ES and HFS, May 28, 1938.

13. V. J. Jerome and Li Chuan, "Edgar Snow's `Red Star Over China,'" The Communist (New York), May 1938, 457.

14. RSOC , 374-379, 440; Diaries, Book 22, June 26, 1938; JTTB , 385-386.

15. John McDermott, "Autobiographical interviews with Max Granich," Grace and Max Granich Papers, 407, 142-147. Granich, who edited China Today from 1938 to its demise after Pearl Harbor, also worked during that period as Earl Browder's chauffeur. Once as he drove the party leaders imperious Russian-born wife, Irena, down the West Side highway from their Yonkers home, she told Granich it would be called "Browder Road" after the Communist takeover (ibid., 7).

16. Earl Browder, "The American Communist Party in the Thirties," in The Thirties , ed. Rita James Simon (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1967), 247; Laurence Hearn (Philip Jaffe), review of RSOC ; in China Today , April 1938, 17-18. Jaffe's later recollections of his relationship to Snow and to RSOC are in his unpublished memoir, "Odyssey," Philip J. Jaffe Papers, 72-74. The limited correspondence between the two men (from 1937-1942) in these papers contains no letters from 1938 nor any reference to RSOC . Snow, in a letter to his agent in New York in which he expressed his irritation at the apparent disclosure of his intended RSOC additions and revisions to ''Those (CP) people," referred to a note he had earlier asked Herz to forward to Jaffe. She replied (testily denying any role in the leakage) that on receipt of Ed's note, Jaffe went around "foaming at the mouth." ES to Henriette Herz, October 2, 1938, Henriette Herz to ES, October 25, 1938, ESP in ESC. See Harold R. Isaacs, The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution (London: Secker and Warburg, 1938), 437 n., for criticism of RSOC (this note was deleted from later editions of the book). On the Trotskyist review-of RSOC and Snow's rebuttal, in CWR , March 26, 1938, 110-112, May 7, 1938, 271-272. The reviewer (Harry Paxton Howard), Snow noted in his reply, "so curiously interweaves his own opinions credited to me, that I fear many people: may find it difficult to distinguish one from the other.''

17. Diaries, Book 24, July 20, 1938.

18. Diaries, Book 21, December 19, 1937; interview with Trudy Rosenberg: (widow of Shippe), Beijing, May 25, 1987; U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, Institute of Pacific Relations Hearings (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951, 1952), 47; "'Asiaticus' Criticizes `Red Star Over China,'" "Edgar Snow Replies," '''Asiaticus' Holds His Ground," Pacific Affairs II (March 1938): 237-252.

19. RSOC , 447-448. At the same time, Snow also put a positive spin on the peaceful resolution and results of the Xi'an Incident, giving credit to the Communists, the Young Marshal, and the Generalissimo himself, concluding that "China has won, Japan has lost" (435).

20. Heinz Shippe to ES, February 27, 1938, ESP in ESC; interview with HFS, October 10, 1988; Diaries, Book 21, December 31, 1937; "Edgar Snow Replies," Pacific Affairs , March 1938, 247.

21. Diaries, Book 23, July 23, 1938; "The Question of Independence and Initiative Within the United Front" (November 5, 1938), Selected Works of Mao Tsetung (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1965), 2:213-217. This concluding speech of the sixth plenary session of the party's central committee was basically Mao's counterattack against the Moscow-oriented united front line of Wang Ming. "In essence," a note accompanying the text commented, "what was involved was proletarian leadership in the united front" (213).

22. Diaries, Book 23, July 20, 1938. Shippe had close contacts with the Communist New Fourth Army, then operating under internationalist-influenced leadership in the lower Yangtze Valley near Shanghai. He was gathering material for a book on Communist guerrilla operations. Rather strangely he happened to be with a trait of the Maoist Eighth-Route Army in Shandong when he was killed in a Japanese ambush in 1941 (Asiaticus [Shippe] file [1938-1941], IPRP, University of British Columbia; interview with Trudy Rosenberg, Beijing, May 25, 1987). Excerpts from Snow's diary entries on Bo Gu and Shippe are in RNORC , 20-23.

23. ES to Earl Browder, March 20, 1938, ESP in ESC.

24. RSOC , rev. ed. (New York: Random House, 1938). The new part thirteen ("Shadows on the Rising Sun") was a six-chapter section of over fifty pages. It was replaced in the 1944 Modern Library edition by a considerably shorter epilogue Snow wrote for that edition.

25. R. Baker, "The New `Red Star Over China,'" Daily Worker (New York), October 3, 1938; China Today , December 1938, 18.

26. RSOC , 107-108. These remarks remained unchanged in Snow's revised edition.

27. ES, "Will Tito's Heretics Halt Russia?" SEP , December 18, 1948, 109; ES, "Will China Become a Russian Satellite?" SEP , April 9, 1949, 148, 150.

28. Jerome and Li, "Edgar Snow's `Red Star Over China,'" 44-5-4-57. The authors stressed, "The Soviets and the Red Army have become part of the Chinese Republic and the National Revolutionary Army" (4-53); Diaries, Book 25, August 29, 1938. The wartime diary of a Russian Comintern emissary to Yan'an, published posthumously and in abridged form by Moscow in the 1970s, noted in a June 1942 entry that Mao "pursues a policy that runs counter to the line and principles of the Comintern" regarding the anti-Japanese national front (Peter Vladimirov, The Vladimirov Diaries: Yenan: 1942-1945 [New York: Doubleday, 1075], 31-32). Vladimirov served as a liaison officer of the Comintern with the central committee of the CCP from 1942 to 1945. He "doubled" as (or used the cover of) a Tass correspondent. The Doubleday volume was edited from a translation supplied by the Novosti Press Agency publishing house in Moscow. As the publishers oh-serve, this book should be read "as both a historical and contemporary document."

29. Twenty-five thousand copies of Heroic People of China were printed. As for Snow, the introduction (by "A. Lin") noted that though his experience in the Soviet regions of China "opened his eyes to many things, he was unable to overcome his petty-bourgeois philistinism and his narrow-mindedness, reflected in many places in his book" (5-6). The lengthy introduction makes only a single cursory reference to Mao, in listing the names of those whose histories were included in the volume.

30. The reports on and review of Red Star I have cited appeared in Knizhnye Novosti (Book news) 12, no. 17-18 (1938). I am indebted to Grant Harris, senior reference librarian, Library of Congress, and Eugene Beshankovsky, Slavic bibliographer, Lehman Library, Columbia University, for information on both the publication history and the reviews of Red Star in the Soviet media. I am also indebted to the staff of the Labour Library of Foreign Literature, Moscow, for a list of all Snow writings translated into Russian. The biographical accounts of the Chinese Red leaders included in the Soviet edition of RSOC also appeared in the literary journal, Novyi Mir no. 1 (1938): 250-283. Four wartime pieces by Snow were included in a volume called Doroga na Smolyensk (Road to Smolensk) (Moscow, 1985).

31. Diaries, Book 21, February 2, 1938; Book 40, April 27, 1941, December 24, 1942, October 17, 1942, March 20, 1943. In his 1957 Harvard monograph, however, Snow showed some familiarity with the Russian version published "without my knowledge, in which all reference to Sian, the Comintern, Russia, and any and all `controversial' matters was omitted" ( RNORC , 3). In the preface to the Modem Library edition of RSOC , Snow elaborated on his brief diary entry on the Smolensk partisan fighter. He referred to three girls he spoke to from a guerrilla unit who told him, "'We got some ideas from a book called Red Star Over China ,' they said—not knowing who I was" (ix). Of course, they could not have used that title in Russian (unless briefed), though. it may have been so translated to Snow.

32. Israel Epstein, "Fooling the People," China Monthly Review (Shanghai), January 1952, 38-39. Bill Powell continued to publish the Review , finally as a monthly, until its demise in 1953. Epstein has had a notable China journalistic and writing career as a lifelong supporter of the CCP. He had been and, as the political tides shifted, would again be a Snow friend and admirer. Snow reacted acidly to Epstein's attack and referred to the latter's "reverent and devout" adherence to the party line (ES to Mildred, February 18, 1952, ESP in ESC).

33. Zhang Xiaoding, "The 'Red Star' shines over the world," 84. Bibliographical information on RSOC in China from 1949 on, received from the Museum of the Chinese Revolution, and interviews with Zhang Xiaoding and Dong Leshan, Beijing, June 1987 (Zhang has written extensively on the publishing history of RSOC , and Dong did the new translation for the first publicly available Chinese edition in 1979). ES, "Notes on meeting with Mao Tse-tung" (Beijing, October 22, 1960), ESP in ESC.

34. RCT , 736, 4-7; interview with Dong Leshan, Beijing, June 1, 1987. Dong, who is a member of the Institute of American Studies of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, noted that only "some copies" of the 1960 edition were distributed internally.

35. Interview with Dong Leshan, June 1, 1987; according to him, there were only a few "minor deletions" from the English text.

36. ES to Theodore Herman, September 2, 1971, Herman file, ESC; E. Pashchenko, "Edgar Snow and the 'China Card,'" Far Eastern Affairs (Moscow) 1 (1981): 160.

37. Vaclav Oplustil, The Epicenter of Disaster , trans. Ivo Dvorak (Prague: Orbis Press Agency, 1980), 38.

38. The discussion of the 1970s context is based on the following Soviet sources: A. S. Titov, "O polititcheskikh kontaktakh Mao Tsze-duna s Edgarom Snow'' (Political contacts of Mao Zedong with Edgar Snow), Problemy Dalnego Vostoka (Problems of the Far East [Moscow]) 2 (1972): 119-127; L. A. Bereznyi, "Zarozhdenie promaoiskoy kontseptsii kitaiskoy revolutsii v amerikanskoy istoriografii" (Emergence of the pro-Maoist conception of the Chinese revolution in U.S. historiography), Istoriografia i istochnikovedenie istorii stran Asii i Afriki (Historiography and bibliography of history of countries of Asia and Africa), part 4, Leningrad State University, 1975, 12-23. Copies of these articles received from State Library of Foreign Literature, Moscow.

39. Ibid.; "Notes of Chairman Mao's Talk with Edgar Snow" (December 18, 1970), 15.

40. See Robert P. Newman's major study, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).

41. RSOC , 140; HFS, "Red Star Over China and Me" (paper submitted to symposium on RSOC , Beijing, June 1988).