1. For the history of Holland's waterways, the fundamental work is A. H. Beekman, Holland, Zeeland en Westfriesland in 1300 (The Hague, 1916-1920; the three parts bound together in this volume originally appeared separately); this book is text volume 4, corresponding to map number 5 in map volume 1 of Geschiedkundige Atlas van Nederland, 3 volumes of maps (The Hague, 1913-1938); 15 volumes of text (The Hague, 1916-1938).

2. The best works in English are: William Te Brake, Medieval Frontier: Culture and Ecology in Rijnland (College Station, 1985), and Audrey Lambert, The Making of the Dutch Landscape (London, 1971).

3. S. J. Fockema Andreae, "Embanking and Drainage Authorities in the Netherlands during the Middle Ages," Speculum 27 (1952): 158-167; C. Dekker, "The Representation of Freeholders in the Drainage Districts of Zeeland West of the Scheldt during the Middle Ages," AHN 7 (1975): 1-30.

4. H. P. H.Jansen, "Holland's Advance," AHN 10 (1978): 1-20; Lambert, 154-178. Most of the Dutch scholars now working on Holland's medieval history are represented in the memorial volume for Prof. Jansen: D. E. H. de Boer and J. W. Marsilje, eds., De Nederlanden in de Late Middeleeuwen (Utrecht, 1987).

5. For Holland's political history in the fourteenth century, see J. F. Niermeyer, "Hennegouwen, Holland, en Zeeland onder Willem III en Willem IV van Avesnes," and "Het Sticht Utrecht en het Graafschap Holland," AGN 3:63-80, 287-297, and H. P. H. Jansen, "Holland, Zeeland, en het Sticht," NAGN 2: 293-307.

6. P. J. Blok, "De Financiën van het Graafschap Holland," BMGN, 3d. ser., 3 (1886): 36-130.

.7. H. P. H. Jansen, Hoekse en Kabeljauwse Twisten (Bussum, 1966). Michiel Brokken, Het Ontstaan van de Hoekse en Kabeljauwse Twisten (Zutphen, 1982) presents a more detailed and more nuanced account, in which the dispute over the Dordrecht staple is seen as less important than local rivalries and constitutional issues.

8. J. F. Niermeyer, "Hennegouwen, Holland, en Zeeland onder het Huis Wittelsbach," AGN 3: 104-107.

9. Klaus Spading, Holland und die Hanse im 15en Jahrhundert (Weimar, 1973), 1-12; H. A. H. Boelmans-Kranenburg, "Visserij van de Noordnederlanders," in Maritieme Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, ed. G. Asaert, et al., 4 vols. (Bussum, 1976-1978), 1: 290-294.

10. N. W. Posthumus, De Oosterse Handel van Amsterdam (Leiden, 1953), and Geschiedenis van de Leidsche Lakenindustrie (3 vols. The

Hague, 1908-1933) vol. 1; J. C. van Loenen, De Haarlemse Brouwindustrie voor 1600 (Amsterdam, 1950).

11. Niermeyer, "Hennegouwen, Holland, en Zeeland onder het Huis Wittelsbach," AGN 3: 110-111.

12. A. G. Jongkees, "Strijd om de Erfenis van Wittelsbach, 1417-1433," AGN 3: 226-252; H. P. H. Jansen, Jacoba van Beieren (The Hague, 1967), 54-91; J. Scheurkogel, "Opstand in Holland," in De Boer and Marsilje, De Nederlanden in de Late Middeleeuwen, 363-378. For a sample of "Hoek historiography," see below, note 13.

13. Jan Wagenaar, Vaderlandsche Historie, 21 vols. (Amsterdam, 1749-1759), 3: 475-479: the Duke of Burgundy's foreign garrisons and the "perpetual fines" he imposed on Hollanders who had supported Jacoba were "tangible signs of an arbitrary regime" ("tastelyke blyken van een willkeurige regeringe"), a yoke from which Hollanders would finally gain freedom during the Revolt.

14. Richard Vaughan, Philip the Good (New York: 1970), 303-331; J. Bartier, "Filips de Goede en de Vestiging van de Bourgondische Staat," AGN 3: 253-271; W. P. Blockmans, "Vlaanderen, 1384-1482," NAGN 4: 217-220.

15. Wagenaar, Vaderlandsche Historie, 4: 39; E. A. M. E. Jansen, De Opkomst van de Vroedschap in Enkele Hollandse Steden (University of Leiden, 1927). Cf. Niermeyer, "Hennegouwen, Holland, en Zeeland onder het Huis Wittelsbach," AGN 3: 108. Duke Albert introduced a guild regime in Dordrecht to weaken the authority of Hoek patricians. For urban constitutions in the southern Netherlands, see H. van Werveke, "De Steden. Rechten, Instellingen, en Maatschaapelijke Toestanden," AGN 2: 374-416, and R. van Uytven, "Het Stedelijk Leven, 1100-1400," NAGN 2: 187-253.

16. For the organization of the Hof van Holland see the introduction to A. S. de Blécourt and E. M. Meijers, Memorialen van het Hof van Holland, Zeeland, en Westfriesland van de Secretaris Jan Roosa, 3 vols. (Haarlem: 1929); J. van Rompaey, "De Bourgondische Staatsinstellingen," NAGN 4: 152-153.

17. Wagenaar, Vaderlandsche Historie, 3: 486; P. H. D. Leupen, "De Representatieve Instellingen in het Noorden, 1384-1482," NAGN 4: 164-165; W. P. Blockmans, "De Representatieve Instellingen in het Zuiden, 1384-1482," NAGN 4: 156-163; H. de Schepper, "De Burgerlijke Overheden en hun Permanente Kaders, 1480-1579," NAGN 5: 323-328. See also the important collection of texts edited by W. Prevenier and J. G. Smit, Bronnen voor de Geschiedenis der Dagvaarten van de Staten en Steden van Holland voor 1544, vol. 1 (The Hague, 1987).

18. Paul Rosenfeld, "The Provincial Governors from the Minority

of Charles V to the Revolt,'' Standen en Landen = Anciens Pays et Assemblées d'Etat, 17 (Leuven, 1959): 1-63; Vaughan, Philip the Good, 127-204. T. S. Jansma, "Holland en Zeeland onder de Bourgondische Hertogen, 1433-1477," AGN 4: 313-316, 322-328.

19. J. A. van Houtte, R. van Uytven, "De Financiën," NAGN 4: 118-120; Van Houtte, An Economic History of the Low Countries (New York, 1977): 110-113; John Gilissen. "Les États Généraux en Belgique et aux Pays Bas sous l'Ancien Régime," Recueils de la Société Jean Bodin 24 (1966): 401-438.

20. Tracy, "The Taxation System of the County of Holland," Jaarboek voor Economisch- en Sociaal-Geschiedenis 48 (1984): 71-81; Vaughan, Philip the Good, 193-194; H. P. H. Jansen, "Holland en Zeeland, 1433-1482," NAGN 4: 272-273; Jansma, "Holland en Zeeland onder de Bourgondische Hertogen," AGN 3: 313-316.

21. Spading, Holland und die Hanse im 15en Jahrhundert, 1-19; Jansen, "Holland en Zeeland, 1433-1482," NAGN 4: 277-279; Vaughan, Philip the Good, 65-77, 92-94, 141-163.

22. Ter Gouw, 3:25-55; J. C. A. De Meij, "Oorlogsvaart, Kaapvaart, en Zeeroof," Maritieme Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, 1: 311-315; on the composition of Holland's war fleet, see Raimond van Marle, Le Comté de Hollande sous Philippe le Bon (1428-1467) (The Hague, 1908), 79-80, citing Baron Fr. de Reiffenberg, Mémoire courennée en réponse à cette question proposée par l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles Lettres de Bruxelles: Quel a été l'état de la population, des fabriques et manufactures, et du commerce dans les Provinces des Pays Bas, pendant les XVe et XVIe siècles? (Brussels, 1820), 231.

23. Richard Vaughan, Charles the Bold (London, 1973), 183-184; see also pp. 1-40, 84-100.

24. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, 185-189, 205-210, and Valois Burgundy (London, 1975), 106-107; Gilissen, 416.

25. J. Bartier, "Karel de Stoute," AGN 3: 272-298; AFR, 14-17; Isaak Le Long, Historische Beschryving van de Reformatie der Stad Amsterdam (Amsterdam, 1729), 379-382; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, 414-415; M. Mollat, "Récherches sur les Finances des Ducs Valois de Bourgogne," Revue Historique 219 (1958): 285-321.

26. Jansen, "Holland en Zeeland, 1433-1482," NAGN 4: 284-5; R. Fruin, "De Verpondingen van 1496 en 1515 en haar Voorbereiding," in his Verspreide Geschriften, ed. P. J. Blok, et al., 10 vols. (The Hague, 1900-1904), 6: 141-143; Ter Gouw, 3: 100-108. Aud. 650: 486 ^v , quotes from an assiètte or quota for a bede of 500,000 crowns in 1473, in which Holland, West Friesland and Zeeland combined were assessed for 127,000 or as much as Flanders.

27. Jansen, "Holland en Zeeland, 1433-1482," NAGN 4: 282-284; Ter Gouw, 3: 130.

28. Jongkees, "Het Grote Privilege van Holland," in Het Algemeen en de Gewestelijke Grote Privileges van Maria van Bourgondië ; see also W. P. Blockmans's contribution to the same volume, "Breuk of Continuiteit? De Vlaamse Privileges van 1477 in het Licht van het Staatvor-mingsproces," 97-144. HB 3: 7-17; Blok, 2: 25-28; De Schepper, ''De Burgerlijke Overheden en hun Permanente Kaders, 1480-1579," NAGN 5: 324.

29. F. W. N. Hugenholz, "Crisis en Herstel van het Bourgondisch Gezag, 1477-1493," AGN 4: 1-10, and "The 1477 Crisis in the Burgundian Duke's Dominions," Britain and the Netherlands, 2 (1962): 33-46; Jansen, "Holland en Zeeland, 1433-1482," NAGN 4: 288-291; Ter Gouw, 3: 130-149; Wagenaar, Vaderlandsche Historie, 4: 185-197, 220-233; R. van Uytven, "Crisis als Cesuur 1482-1494," NAGN 5: 422-423; AFR, 57-58.

30. Hugenholz, "Crisis en Herstel," AGN 4: 11-22. For two different views of the Bread and Cheese War, see F. W. N. Hugenholz, "Het Kaas- en Broodvolk," BMHGU 81 (1967): 201-247, and J. Scheurkogel, "Het Kaas- en Broodspel," BMGN 99 (1979): 189-211.

31. J. E. A. L. Struick, Gelre en Habsburg, 1492-1528 (Arnhem, 1960), 8-26; Blok, 2: 25-27: coached by his advisers, Philip omitted from his oath many of the concessions included in Mary of Burgundy's "Great Privilege" of 1477; thus was the principle of majority rule restored to the States of Holland, at least as far as the government was concerned. Jongkees, "Het Grote Privilege van Holland," 180-181.

32. Struick, 39-52; Wiesflecker, Kaiser Maximilian I , 2: 140-146.

33. The best account of the Guelders wars is found in Struick, Gelre en Habsburg .

34. Posthumus, De Oosterse Handel van Amsterdam (Leiden, 1953); De Uitvoer van Amsterdam (Leiden, 1971); Ter Gouw, 3: 110-130.

35. Richard W. Unger, Dutch Shipbuilding before 1800 (Assen, 1978), 1-5; Posthumus, De Uitvoer van Amsterdam, 186, Table 15, lists the value of goods exported to various destinations (including Norway) between 1543 and 1545.

36. James D. Tracy, "Habsburg Grain Policy and Amsterdam Politics: the Career of Sheriff Willem Dirkszoon Baerdes, 1542-1566," Sixteenth Century Journal 18 (1983): 309-310; H. de Haan, Moedernegotiatie en Grote Vaart (Amsterdam, 1977).

37. Aksel E. Christensen, Dutch Trade to the Baltic around 1600 (Copenhagen, 1941), 29-45.

38. Lambert, 142, 170-172, 185-186; Geraerdt Brandt, Historie

der Vermaerde Zee- en Koop-Stadt Enkhuizen (Hoorn, 1740), 21; J. A. van Houtte, "Nijverheid en Handel," NAGN 4: 101-108. H. A. H. Boelmans-Kranenburg considers the estimate of 250 busses "exaggerated:" ''Visserij van de Noordnederlanders," in Maritieme Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, vol. 1, ed. G. Asaert, et al. (Bussum, 1976), 290.

39. Posthumus, Geschiedenis van de Leidsche Lakenindustrie, vol. 1; W. P. Blockmans, et al. "Tussen Crisis en Welvaart: Sociale Veranderingen, 1300-1500," NAGN 4: 51.

40. J. C. van Loenen, De Haarlemse Brouwindustrie voor 1600 (Amsterdam, 1950); C. C. J. Pinske, "Het Goudse Koutbier," in Gouda Zeven Eeuwen Stad (Gouda, 1972), 91-128; GVR 20 (February 1509, 13 April 1537); see also an undated petition from Gouda's brewers to the Stadtholder, Hoogstraten, Aud. 1524, 18-19; M. A. Timmer, "Grepen uit de Geschiedenis der Delftsche Brouwnering," De Economist 70 (1920): 358-373, 415-430; J. J. Woltjer, "Een Hollands Stadsbestuur in het midden van de 16e eeuw: brouwers en Bestuurders te Delft," in De Boer and Marsilje, De Nederlanden in de Late Middeleeuwen, 261-279.

41. F. Ketner, "Amsterdam en de Binnenvaart door Holland in de 15e Eeuw," BVGO 4 (1943): 169-200; 5 (1944): 33-59.

42. Aud. 650: 486; GRK 3425 (Holland's portion of a 1523 extraordinaris bede of 608,000 was 81,607, or 13.33%). Leo Noordegraaf, Hollands Welvaren? Levens-Standaard in Holland, 1450-1650 (Bergen, 1985): 76, cites a long list of authors who agree on Holland's prosperity under Charles the Bold.

43. Noordegraaf, 20-22, 32-34, 41-43, 77-81.

44. P.A. Meilink, Archieven van de Staten van Holland voor 1572, 53.

45. R. Fruin, ed., Informacie: of 171 villages surveyed, 148 had sold renten by 1514, including eighteen for the Utrecht War.

46. Posthumus, Geschiedenis van de Leidsche Lakenindustrie, 1: 195-213.

47. E. Coornaert, Un Centre industriel d'autrefois. La Draperie-sayerie d'Hondschoote, XIVe-XVIIe siècles (Paris, 1930); Posthumus, Geschiedenis van de Leidsche Lakenindustrie, 1: 245-259, 368-371 (tables on cloth production). For complaints by Leiden that its merchants have no credit, see AJ, 10 September, 29 December 1523, 28 January 1524.

48. Pinske, "Het Goudse Kuitbier;" GVR, 20 February 1509.

49. Woltjer, "Een Hollands Stadsbestuur;" Van Loenen, De Haarlemse Brouwindustrie, 15-21, 45-62. In the sixteenth century Haarlem contributed stained-glassed windows to churches in towns in Waterland, West Friesland, and Friesland where much Haarlem beer was consumed: HVR, 20 March 1521 (Purmerend), 8 June 1521 (Medem-

blik), 8 April 1522 (Enkhuizen), and 13 April 1529 (Workum, in Friesland).

50. Fruin, Informacie .

51. Fruin, Informacie . Haarlem reports that its overseas shipping is only a fraction of what it was fourteen years previously.

52. I. Prins, Het Failissement der Hollandsche Steden: Amsterdam. Dordrecht, Leiden en Haarlem in het Jaar 1514 (Amsterdam, 1922); W. Downer, "De Financiële Toestand van de Stad Leiden omstreeks 1500," (typescript at the Leiden Stadsarchief 1951); J. C. Overvoorde and J. N. Oerburgt, Het Archief van de Secretarie van de Stad Leiden, 1252-1575 (Leiden: 1937), Regestenlijst, for prolongation of Leiden's dept-postponement, no. 1262, 1271, 1301, 1315, 1337, 1404, 1447, 1502, 1551, 1679, 1770, 1932; cf. no. 1390, 1400.

53. Fruin, Informacie; J. C. Naber, Een Terugblik: Statistische Bewerking van de Resultaten van de Informatie van 1514 (reprint, Haarlem, 1970), Bijlage 10.

54. Fruin, Informacie; Naber, Terugblik .

55. Fruin, Informacie; Naber, Terugblik .

56. W. S. Unger, "De Sociale en Economische Struktuur van Dordrecht in 1555," De Economist 63 (1913): 947-984.

57. C. Hoek, "Delfshaven, de Rivierhaven van Delft," in De Stad Delft: Cultuur en Maatschappij tot 1572 (Delft, 1980), 100-104. Fruin, Informacie: Rotterdam itself reports sixty-three herring busses, Schiedam another twenty. Christensen, 111-121, chooses a Delft merchant (active after 1560) to study the organization of Dutch commerce in the Baltic.

58. Noordegraaf, Hollands Welvaren, 80-81; Christensen, 29-39: on the earliest Sound Toll registers, from 1497 and 1503.

59. Jansen, "Holland's Advance"; Jan De Vries, The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500-1700 (New Haven, 1974), 86.