Notes
1. Ernest Dawn’s articles on Arab nationalism compiled in his From Ottomanism to Arabism, Mary C. Wilson’s biography of Sharif ‘Abdullah, King Ab dullah, Britain, and the Making of Jordan, her essay “The Hashemites, the Arab Revolt, and Arab Nationalism” and William Ochsenwald’s “Ironic Origins: Arab Nationalism in the Hijaz,” both in The Origins of Arab Nationalism, ed. Khalidi et al., provide insights on the Hijaz province during the Young Turk period. The following works focus on the pre-1908 period, but also throw light on the next decade: William Ochsenwald, Religion, Society, and the State in Arabia: The Hijaz under Ottoman Control, 1840–1908 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984) and The Hijaz Railroad (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1980); Saleh Muhammad al-Amr, The Hijaz under Ottoman Rule, 1869–1914: Ottoman Vali, the Sharif of Mecca, and the Growth of British Influence ([Riyadh]: Riyad University Publications, 1978); and Ufuk Gülsoy, Hicaz Demiryolu (İstanbul: Eren, 1994).
2. Suraiya Faroqhi argues this point even for the seventeenth century: “Mecca and Medina[’s] enduring religious significance far outweighs their role in the formation of the modern state of which they form a part. In discussing relations of the Ottoman central government with a remote province, we are thus induced to study problems which have little relation to future nation-building, but touch a number of issues crucial for the functioning of the Ottoman Empire during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.” Pilgrims and Sultans: The Hajj under the Ottomans, 1517–1683 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1994), 3. The original German version of Faroqhi’s book is rich with information on the Hijaz and the pilgrimage after 1908: Herrscher über Mekka: Die Geschichte der Pilgerfahrt (München: Artemis Verlag, 1990).
3. On the history of the emirate of Mecca under Ottoman rule, see İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Mekke-i Mükerreme Emirleri (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1972).
4. Ten percent of the May salary of the deputies in Parliament was allocated toward the subsidies of the people of the holy cities. Takvim-i Vekai (13 December 1908).
5. PRO. FO 195/2286. Acting Consul Husain to Lowther (Jidda, 25 August 1908). See also chapter 2.
6. PRO. FO 195/2286. [Acting Consul ?] Mohammad Husain to [Embassy] (Jidda [?], 23 August 1908).
7. PRO. FO 618/3. Devey to Lowther (Damascus, 25 August and 2 September 1908).
8. Takvim-i Vekai, 17 October 1908. The first train arrived in Medina on 19 August 1908 (Cevat, 166), but the official ceremony took place on the anniversary of the sultan’s accession to the throne on 1 September. See Charles-Eudes Bonin, “Le Chemin de fer du Hedjaz,” Annales de géographie 18 (1909): 427. According to Bonin, the day of arrival of the first train in Medina was 22 August.
9. PRO. FO 618/3. Devey to Lowther (25 August 1908).
10. Antonius, 103; Andrew Ryan, The Last of the Dragomans (London: Geoffrey Bles, 1951), 75–76; James Morris, The Hashemite Kings (London: Faber and Faber, 1959), 25; Fargo, 241. Dawn points to Shakib Arslan’s viewpoint, but expresses reservations in Ottomanism, 5.
11. This view is primarily based on King Abdullah ibn Husayn’s Memoirs (New York: Philosophical Library, 1950), 43–44; Dawn, Ottomanism, 5; al-Amr, 134.
12. Al-Amr, 134.
13. Morris, 25.
14. George Stitt, A Prince of Arabia: The Emir Shereef Ali Haider (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1948), 103–4.
15. PRO. FO 685/3. “Haj Report” of the British consulate in Jidda (July 1906).
16. PRO. FO 195/2286. Monahan to Embassy (Jidda, 9 April 1908).
17. The governor of Hijaz, Ratib Pasha, was dismissed at the beginning of August. Sharif ‘Ali served as acting governor until Kazım Pasha, who was the inspector of the Hijaz Railway, arrived at the end of September as the newly appointed governor (Tanin, 22 September 1908); PRO. FO 195/2286. Acting Consul Husain to Lowther (Jidda, 1 October 1908).
18. PRO. FO/195/2286. Monahan to Lowther (Jidda, 18 November 1908).
19. BBA. BEO 256641 (2 November 1908). I have not found an irade in the Başbakanlık Arşivi concerning the appointment of ‘Abd al-Ilah. It is likely that the candidate died prior to investiture.
20. BBA. İrade: Dahiliye 1326, no. 45 (29 Şevval 1326/24 November 1908) and no. 50 (17 Şevval 1326/12 November 1908). The earlier irade called for an audience with Kamil Paşa “on the day when Husayn Pasha, Emir of Mecca, will be received” in the Palace. The audience with the sultan mentioned in Abdullah’s memoirs (p. 44) must have been on this occasion.
21. BBA. BEO Vilayet Defterleri, 304: Hicaz (gelen), no. 77 (15 November 1908).
22. PRO. FO 195/2286. Monahan to Lowther. (Jidda, 5 December 1908). “A crowd of not more than 1000 were present.…The whole spectacle of the landing and reception was not very enthusiastic.”
23. Bayur, 1 (pt. 2): 144.
24. BBA. İrade: Dahiliye 1326, no. 37 (12 Şevval 1326/7 November 1908).
25. BBA. BEO 258850. The Ministry of War to the Emirate and the Province of the Hijaz (9 December 1908).
26. BBA. BEO 258766. Sharif Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (10 December 1908).
27. BBA. BEO 259627. Sharif Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (9 December 1908).
28. PRO. FO 195/2320. Monahan to Lowther (Jidda, 20 January 1909).
29. Takvim-i Vekai, 11, 17, and 19 February 1909.
30. Abdullah, 67; Dawn, Ottomanism, 7; Randall Baker, King Husain and the Kingdom of the Hejaz (Cambridge: The Oleander Press, 1979), 24.
31. Faroqhi, Pilgrims, 53.
32. BBA. BEO 262239 (261661, 262240, 239487). Grand Vizier to the Province of Syria (12 February 1909). Several months after he was relieved of his duty, ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Yusuf won a by-election in Damascus to enter Parliament at the end of 1909. Prätor, 249; Khoury, 57, 87.
33. Dawn argues that the Unionists tried to weaken the sharif by commissioning Yusuf, but that the latter’s failure to carry out the task embarrassed the government and enhanced Husayn’s prestige. See Dawn, Ottomanism, 7.
34. BBA. BEO 262239. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (12 February 1909).
35. In this first refusal of an appointment desired by the sharif, the grand vizierate replied that the sultan (who selected the members of the Chamber of Notables, or senators) had already made all the appointments and no increase in the number of senators was contemplated. In fact, the size of the Chamber of Notables at the time was short of the constitutionally stipulated one-third of the Chamber of Deputies, and the cabinet could most probably have secured the particular appointment. (One of the newly appointed senators was Sharif ‘Ali Haydar.) For İstanbul’s reply, see BBA. BEO 262239. The Grand Vizierate to the Emirate (23 February 1909).
36. PRO. FO 195/2320. Monahan to Lowther (3 July 1909).
37. Prätor, 219.
38. BBA. BEO 265549. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (20 April 1909). İstanbul urged ‘Ali to leave the Hijaz as soon as he was dismissed in the fall of 1908, lest he encounter assaults to his person similar to those received by Governor Ratib. BBA. BEO 257222 (11 November 1908).
39. Takvim-i Vekai, 8 November 1908. See also MAE. Turquie, N.S. 6. Serie D. Carton: 37. Dossier: 1. “Tableau par vilayets des résultats des elections au parlement ottoman” (13 November 1908).
40. “He is Mufti at Mecca of the Hanefi sect, as his father was before him. His family is of Indian…origin, but has been residing in Mecca for more than 200 years. His father died in exile in Egypt about 12 years ago, having incurred the displeasure of Grand Sharif Aun ar-Rafik, which would be a fact in his favor, and he himself (he is now about 35) was living in Constantinople in fear of the Grand Sharif for more than ten years, until he returned two years ago to Mecca. He appears to have a good reputation, intellectually, and morally, and knows Turkish well…” (PRO. FO 195/2286. Monahan to Lowther. Jidda, 15 December 1908).
41. PRO. FO 424/231. Monahan to Lowther (Jidda, 7 March 1912), referring to the 1908 elections on the occasion of the second parliamentary election in 1912. Enclosure in Lowther to Grey (Constantinople, 27 March 1912).
42. PRO. FO 195/2320. Monahan to Lowther (Jidda, 5 November 1908).
43. Ibid.
44. His deputyship was endorsed on 3 February 1909. See Takvim-i Vekai, 10 February 1909 (MMZC, I/1/22).
45. Zaynal was seen off by a large crowd in Jidda. See PRO. FO 195/2320. Monahan to Lowther (10 November 1908).
46. In his various reports at different times, Consul Monahan reported that Meccans elected two deputies in November 1908. That this should be the case stands to reason. The size of Mecca’s population may have warranted the election of two deputies. See al-Amr on some estimates of the population of Hijazi towns. Such estimates vary between 70,000 and 150,000 for Mecca; 30,000 to 60,000 for Medina; and 25,000 to 50,000 for Jidda (pp. 17–18). Indeed, in all later elections Mecca did send two representatives.
According to Monahan, one of the deputies-elect “declined to sit” immediately upon election (PRO. FO 195/2286. 5 November 1908) and “refused to leave Mecca” (PRO. FO 195/2350. 23 March 1910). The other one did leave, but “became homesick in Egypt, and would not go on to Constantinople.” Monahan does not provide the names of the two deputies. However, from another of his dispatches (PRO. FO 195/2286. 15 December 1908) we know that ‘Abdullah Saraj left Jidda on 13 December 1908. Therefore, it can be presumed that it was Saraj who went to Egypt, only to return.
On 29 December 1908 the letter of resignation of “the deputy from Mecca, the Hanafi müftü ‘Abd al-Rahman” was brought to the floor in Parliament (I/1/9). The discussion suggests that ‘Abd al-Rahman never left Mecca and sent his letter of resignation from there, advancing reasons of health. Thus, it is likely that the name of the other deputy-elect was ‘Abd al-Rahman and that he was referred to as the müftü incorrectly, since we know not only from Monahan’s reports but also from Ottoman sources (Takvim-i Vekai, 8 November 1908) that the müftü was ‘Abdullah Saraj.
47. PRO. FO 195/2350. Monahan to Lowther (Jidda, 23 March 1910). Also al-Amr, 138. The second deputy-elect was Hasan al-Shaybi.
48. PRO. FO 195/2320. Monahan to Lowther, no. 25 (Jidda, 16 March 1909).
49. MAE. Turquie, N.S. 6. “Levant Expédié” (?), no. 6 (Paris, 3 June 1909).
50. Ochsenwald, “Ironic Origins,” in Origins of Arab Nationalism, ed. Kha lidi et al., 197; Muhammad A. al-Shamikh, Al-sihafa fi al-hijaz, 1908–1941 (Beirut, 1972), 37–40.
51. BBA. BEO 274969. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (17 May 1909); BBA. BEO 267884. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (10 June 1909).
52. BBA. BEO 274969. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (20 October 1909).
53. BBA. BEO 273539. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (30 August 1909).
54. BBA. BEO 268543. The Grand Vizierate to the Ministries of the Interior and Finance (20 June 1909).
55. BBA. BEO 276845. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (15 January 1910).
56. BBA. BEO 277412. The Ministry of Finance to the Grand Vizierate (3 February 1910).
57. BBA. BEO 273579. The Grand Vizierate to the Ministry of the Interior (13 October 1909).
58. PRO. FO 195/2350. Monahan to Lowther (Jidda, 23 March 1910). Monahan refers to Makki as a Turkish CUP candidate. It is possible that the consul identified him as a Turk because of his CUP membership. Even if Makki was of Turkish background, his family probably had long been settled in Mecca. His brother, too, presented himself as a candidate in the same election.
59. BBA. BEO 267884 (277412, 278974). From the Ministry of Finance to the Grand Vizierate (15 March 1910).
60. Prätor, 45.
61. PRO. FO 195/2286. Monahan to Lowther (Jidda, 18 November 1908).
62. PRO. FO 195/2350. Monahan to Lowther, no. 67 (Jidda, 7 June 1910). Also BBA. BEO 288114. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (6 January 1911).
63. PRO. FO 195/2320 (see note 48).
64. PRO. FO 195/2320. Acting Consul Abdurrahman to Lowther, no. 101 (Jidda, 9 August 1910).
65. PRO. FO 195/2350 (see note 62).
66. BBA. BEO 278608 (281797) (3 and 10 March 1910 and 19 May 1912).
67. Ibid. The Ministry of the Interior to the Grand Vizierate (3 March 1910).
68. BBA. BEO 281400 (278608, 281398) (7 May 1910).
69. PRO. FO 195/2320. Monahan to Lowther, no. 25 (Jidda, 16 March 1909). See also Ehud R. Toledano, The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression, 1840–1890 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982). According to Toledano, the rumors of an impending prohibition of slave trade triggered a revolt in Mecca in 1855–56. When the prohibition was actually issued the Hijaz was exempted (p. 135).
70. BBA. BEO 266444 (263658). The Grand Vizierate to Acting Governor [Sharif Husayn] (17 May 1909); BBA. BEO. 267483. From Acting Governor Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (19 May 1909) and the Grand Vizierate to Acting Governor (24 May 1909).
71. BBA. BEO 277770. Sharif Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (1 February 1910).
72. BBA. BEO 277770 (279932). The Grand Vizierate to the Ministries of the Interior and Finance (14 February 1910). Also, the Ministry of Finance to the Grand Vizierate (26 March 1910).
73. Tanin, 7 September 1908.
74. MMZC, I/1/16, 21 January 1909. The Greek deputies Yorgi Boşo and Kozmidi indicated that a railway is a vital economic institution and should belong to all Ottomans.
75. PRO. FO 195/2286. Monahan to Lowther, no. 97 (Jidda, 5 November 1908).
76. PRO. FO 195/2435. Shipley to Lowther, fol. 231–59 (Jidda, 19 July 1912).
77. Takvim-i Vekai, 25 January 1909. MMZC, I/1/16, 21 January 1909.
78. PRO. FO 195/2350. Monahan to Lowther, no. 64 (4 June 1910).
79. Memorandum attached to above report by Monahan.
80. PRO. FO 195/2376. Monahan to Lowther, no. 59 (Jidda, 20 March 1911).
81. BBA. BEO Defter 698/28/9, no. 3. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (16 March 1911).
82. BBA. BEO Defter 705, no. 101 (12 March 1911).
83. BBA. BEO 279144 (286439). Copy of this letter, dated “1325” (1909), occurs in the file.
84. BBA. BEO Defter 698/28/9, no. 3 (see note 81).
85. MAE. Turquie, N.S. 144. [Robert Armez ?] to Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, no. 1 (Jidda, 9 January 1912).
86. BBA. BEO 279144 (286439). The Minister of War to the Grand Vizierate (16 March 1912).
87. BBA. BEO 298959 (279144). The Minister of War to the Grand Vizierate (20 April 1912).
88. Prätor, 184–86; Gülsoy, 223.
89. Al-Amr, 16.
90. M. S. Makki, Medina, Saudi Arabia: A Geographical Analysis of the City and the Region (Avebury, 1982), 3; John Sabini, Armies in the Sun: The Struggle for Mecca and Medina (London: Thames and Hudson, 1981), 15.
91. As early as 1908 an American report said, “The subjugation of Najd will not be attempted from Baghdad, Basra, or Katif owing to British influence in those regions, but from Damascus and Medina.” US 867.00/792. Ravndal to the State Department (23 July 1908).
92. PRO. FO 195/2350 (see note 62); PRO. FO 424/231. Monahan to [Lowther] (Jidda, 7 March 1912). Enclosed in Lowther to Grey (İstanbul, 27 March 1912).
93. BBA. BEO Defter 698/28/9. Deputy Emir of Mecca ‘Abdullah to the Grand Vizierate, no. 132 (1 September 1910); BBA. BEO 283879. The Ministry of the Interior to the Grand Vizierate (12 March 1916). The decision was approved by the sultan on 15 July 1910.
94. Dawn, Ottomanism, 10; Abdullah, 47–48.
95. Uzunçarşılı, 26.
96. Tanin, 4 April 1910.
97. Tanin, 26 March 1910.
98. See chapter 2.
99. BBA. BEO 293822 (281797, 278608). The Ministry of the Interior to the Grand Vizierate (9 January 1911).
100. BBA. BEO 298322. The Ministry of Forests, Minerals, and Agriculture to the Grand Vizierate (11 October 1911).
101. BBA. BEO 293822. The Grand Vizierate to the Ministry of Public Works (15 September 1911).
102. BBA. BEO 293822. The Ministry of the Interior to the Grand Vizierate (9 January 1911). Also included in the file are responses of the various ministries to the reform proposal of the muhafız.
103. For a discussion of the “Ottoman order” vs. the “local order” with respect to the administrative and economic incorporation of Transjordan in the late Ottoman period, see Lawrence Eugene Rogan, “Incorporating the Periphery: The Ottoman Extension of Direct Rule over Southeastern Syria (Transjordan), 1867–1914” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991), 10–12.
104. İkdam, 1 March 1909.
105. PRO. FO 195/2320. Monahan to Lowther (Jidda, 9 April 1909).
106. BBA. BEO 266661 (263047). Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (29 March 1909).
107. BBA. BEO 266661. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (18 May 1909); PRO. FO 195/2320. Monahan to Lowther (Jidda, 30 May 1909).
108. BBA. BEO Defter 698/28/9, no. 11. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (7 April 1910); PRO. FO 195/2350. Monahan to Lowther, no. 69 (11 June 1910).
109. BBA. BEO Defter 698/28/9, no. 98. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (30 July 1910); PRO. FO 195/2350. Acting Consul Abdurrahman to Lowther, no. 97 (Jidda, 5 August 1910).
110. BBA. BEO 286962. Husayn to Müşir (?) (27 August 1910).
111. BBA. BEO 286962 (285568). Deputy Emir Abdullah to the Ministry of War (12 September 1910).
112. BBA. BEO Defter 698/28/9, no. 141. ‘Abdullah to the Grand Vizierate (25 September 1910).
113. BBA. BEO 286312 (280413). Muhafız ‘Ali Rida to the Ministry of the Interior (28 October 1910).
114. PRO. FO 195/2376. Acting Consul Abdurrahman to Lowther, no. 173 (Jidda, 11 October 1911).
115. PRO. FO 424/230. Lowther to Grey, no. 9 ([İstanbul], 3 January 1912).
116. BBA. BEO 265661 (266109, 265930, 257308). Governor of Yemen to the Grand Vizierate (24 February 1909).
117. Ibid. (13 May 1909).
118. BBA. BEO 265930 (265661, 257308). Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (12 May 1909).
119. BBA. Defter 698/28/9, no. 3. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (23 March 1910).
120. BBA. BEO. Defter 705, no. 6. The Grand Vizierate to the Emirate (25 April 1910).
121. See chapter 3 for the remonstration of Arab deputies against the paper’s editor Ubeydullah.
122. BBA. BEO. 269031 (288705). Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (24 November 1910). Also Defter 698/28/9, no. 163. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (6 November 1910).
123. BBA. BEO. 279266. Deputy Commander of the Seventh Army to the Ministry of War (21 March 1910).
124. BBA. BEO. 269031 (288705). Mutasarrıf Sulayman Shafiq to the Province of the Hijaz (28 October 1910).
125. BBA. BEO. 269031 (288705). The Province of the Hijaz to the Emirate (24 November 1910).
126. BBA. BEO. 269031 (288705). The Province of the Hijaz to the Ministry of the Interior (7 November 1910).
127. PRO. FO 195/2350. Monathan to Lowther, no. 135 (Jidda, 13 December 1910).
128. BBA. BEO Defter 698/28/9, no. 201. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (21 February 1911). Abdullah’s request for a two-and-a-half-month leave on grounds of “important personal matters that necessitate his presence in the Hijaz” was granted on 23 February 1911 (MMZC, I/3/46).
129. HHS. PA 38/350. Dr. Toncic to Aehrenthal (Jidda, 20 March 1911).
130. PRO. FO 195/2376. Monahan to Lowther, no. 100 (Jidda, 25 May 1911).
131. Ibid. Monahan to Lowther, no. 101 (Jidda, 30 May 1911).
132. PRO. FO 195/2376. Richardson to Lowther, no. 134 (Hodeida, 23 June 1911).
133. PRO. FO 195/2376. Monahan to Lowther, no. 105 (Jidda, 10 June 1911).
134. BBA. BEO 294354. The Grand Vizierate to Sharif Husayn (9 August 1911).
135. PRO. FO 195/2414. Acting Consul Dr. Abdurrahman to Lowther, fol. 304–5 (Jidda, 7 April 1912). Also, Shipley to Lowther, fol. 312 (Jidda, 20 July 1912).
136. PRO. FO 195/2440. Shipley to Lowther, no. 53 (Jidda, 29 July 1912). The consul quotes the commandant of the gendarmerie in Jidda, Haşim Bey, as saying that the government “woke up to the fact that much of the trouble in [Asir] is due to the Sharif’s attempt to bring it under his control.”
137. BBA. BEO 307945. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (28 October 1912); and the Grand Vizierate to Husayn (1 November 1912).
138. See, for example, BBA. BEO 272713. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (13 September 1910); BBA. BEO 285974. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (14 October 1910).
139. Monahan describes Hazım Bey as a “weak and insignificant person.” See PRO. FO 195/2376. Monahan to Lowther (18 September 1911). Sharif Husayn probably had a better idea about his abilities, and hence wanted to see him removed. See chapter 4 on Hazım in his capacity as governor in Beirut during the reform movement.
140. PRO. FO 195/2376. Monahan to Lowther, no. 160 (Jidda, 18 September 1911); Abdurrahman to Lowther, no. 182 (Jidda, 4 November 1911).
141. In ‘Abdullah’s memoirs the reference is to Nasir ibn Muhsin of the Ghalib “tribe” (pp. 84–85). The name occurs as “Muhammad Nasir, the grandson of the brother of late Sharif ‘Abd al-Muttalib” in a letter that Nasir sent to the grand vizier to air his grievance against Sharif Husayn, who publicly affronted him. BBA. BEO 299282 (18 October 1911). For a congratulatory telegram sent by Nasir to the Central Committee of the CUP in Salonika on the occasion of the first anniversary of the revolution and the text of the reply from the Central Committee, see Shams al-haqiqa, 30 August 1909.
142. BBA. BEO 285974. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (14 October 1910); the Grand Vizierate to Husayn (20 October 1910). ‘Abdullah Pasha had served as governor and commander in chief in Yemen in 1903 and as governor of Baghdad in 1909.
143. BBA. BEO 313934. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (21 June 1913). The Grand Vizierate to the Emirate (25 June 1913).
144. For example, his suggestion for the provincial chief secretary (BBA. BEO 300439. The Grand Vizierate to Emirate [22 February 1912]); his plea against the dismissal of the Hanafi müftü of Medina (BBA. BEO Defter 698/28/9, no. 407 [30 March 1911], no. 539 [5 April 1911], no. 408 [31 March 1911]).
145. BBA. BEO 306372 (308160; 309416). Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (16 December 1912); Şeyhülislam to the Grand Vizierate, no. 148 (28 January 1913).
146. BBA. BEO 286312 (280413). Muhafız of Medina to the Ministry of the Interior (6 April 1910). Sharif Husayn denied the charges but dismissed Shahat. Yet, when in the summer of 1910 the government took the decision to separate the administration of Medina from that of the province of the Hijaz, the sharif insisted on reinstituting Shahat as his deputy in Medina and sent him back. However, his reappointment was not endorsed by the grand vizierate. See also the Ministry of the Interior to the Grand Vizierate (24 April 1910); the Grand Vizierate to the Emirate (25 April 1910; 2, 8, 15 November 1910); Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (27 April, 9 October 1910); Muhafız to the Ministry of the Interior (27 October 1910).
147. BBA. BEO 281551. Muhafız ‘Ali Rida Pasha to the Ministry of the Interior (20 May 1910).
148. BBA. DH-MTV 3/9 (24 December 1910).
149. Wilson, King Abdullah, 21.
150. BBA. BEO Defter 698/28/9, no. 164. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate, no. 4868 (12 November 1910).
151. Stitt, 137–41; Dawn, Ottomanism, 13.
152. PRO. FO 195/2429. Shipley to Lowther, no. 43 (10 July 1912).
153. Monahan to Lowther (7 March 1912). Enclosure in PRO. FO 424/231. Lowther to Grey (İstanbul, 27 March 1912).
154. Consul Shipley reported in November 1912 that the sharif’s influence “now extends from Alwejh in the north to Abha in the south.” PRO. FO 195/2446, fol. 391–92 (7 November 1912).
155. BBA. BEO 296673. The Grand Vizierate to the Ministry of the Interior (31 October 1911).
156. BBA. İrade: Dahiliye 1330, no. 19. The Minister of Interior to the Grand Vizierate (27 January 1912).
157. BBA. BEO 307518. The Emirate to the Grand Vizierate (9 October 1912); the Grand Vizierate to the Emirate (17 October 1912).
158. MAE. Turquie, N.S. 144. Robert Armez to Poincaré, no. 4 (Jidda, 29 January 1912).
159. PRO. FO 195/2429. Shipley to Lowther, no. 43 (10 July 1912).
160. PRO. FO 195/2440. Shipley [to Lowther], no. 27 (6 December 1912).
161. PRO. FO 195/2435. Shipley to Lowther, no. 46 (Jidda, 19 July 1912). Also PRO. FO 195/2410, fol. 386 (23 June 1912); PRO. FO 195/2433, fol. 146–48 (29 June 1912).
162. BBA. BEO 281551. The Emirate to the Grand Vizierate (23 and 26 April, 1913).
163. BBA. BEO 313973. Muhafız to the Ministry of the Interior (29 May 1913).
164. BBA. BEO 313934. Husayn to the Grand Vizierate (21 June 1913); the Grand Vizierate to the Emirate (25 June 1913).
165. See, for example, Antonius; Kedourie, England and the Middle East (London: Bowes and Bowes, 1956); Isaiah Friedman, The Question of Palestine, 1914–1918: British-Jewish-Arab Relations (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973).
166. Morris, 8–9.