INDEX

A

Acheson, Dean, 74 , 129 , 139 , 191 , 207 , 212 , 291 , 305 , 310 , 406 , 412 ,

Defense Perimeter speech, 208 ;

statement on Alger Hiss, 208 -09

Adams, Eva, 419

Adams, John G., 457 , 625

Adams, Sherman, 486 -87

Adamson, Ernie, 268

Afghanistan, 223 , 404

Albright, William, 440 , 496

Allen, James S., 293

Alsop, Joseph, 63 , 117 -18, 345 -51, 397 ;

attacks McCarran, Budenz, 341 -43

Alsop, Stewart, 224

Amerasia . case, 133 , 141 -42, 159 , 171 -72, 216 , 222 , 295 , 318 , 356 ;

Lattimore and, 32 , 60 , 282 , 284 , 285 , 338 , 405

America , 152

America and Asia , 103

American Academy of Political and Social Science, 281

American Civil Liberties Union, 358 , 496

American Committee for Cultural Freedom, 399 , 483 .

American Council of Learned Societies, 159 , 192 , 510

American Council on Education, 87

American Council on Japan, 129 , 180

American Geographical Society, 16

American Historical Association, 194

American Jewish League Against Communism, 472

American Legion, 152 , 154 , 211 , 309 , 321 , 435 , 457 ;

Lattimore on blacklist, 195 -86

American Magazine , 88

American Peace Mobilization, 102

American Philosophical Society, 412 ;

Proceedings , 38 , 310

American Society of Newspaper Editors, 575

American University, 465 -66

Americans for Democratic Action, 316 , 499

Anastos, C. George, 410 , 413 , 444

Anderson, Jack, 215 , 219 , 269 , 317 -18, 478 -79

Andrews, Bert, 285

Andrews, T. Coleman, 501

Angleton, James Jesus, 502

Anti-intellectualism, 301

Arctic Research Laboratory, 197

Army-McCarthy hearings, 457 , 460

Arnhold and Company, 6 -9, 151

Arnold, Fortas & Porter (later Arnold & Porter), 222 , 251 , 415 , 462 , 481 , 500 , 502 , 572

Arnold, Thurman, 253 , 366 , 369 , 373 , 414 , 423 , 424 , 426 , 431 , 462 , 463 , 477 , 478 , 482 , 485 , 486 , 500 ,

"deadly logic" of defense, 432

Arosev, A., 27

The Arrogance of Power , 521

Ascoli, Max, 600Asia , 50 , 67

Asia in a New World Order , 90 , 95

Asian Affairs Research Council (Tokyo). See Japanese Research Council

Asiaticus (Moses W. Grzyb) with aliases M. G. Shippe, Hans Mueller, and others, 311 , 403 , 422 , 451 ;

FBI conducts world-wide search for, 451 -53

Associated Press, 93 , 217 , 304 , 517 , 554

Association of American Geographers, 583

Association for Asian Studies, 518 , 520 , 553 , 566

Atlantic-Little, Brown, 300

Atlantic Monthly , 18 , 57 , 123 , 194

Attlee, Clement, 158

B

Babson's Washington Reports , 85

Bachrack, Stanley D., 500

Bailey, Thomas A., 175

Baker, Newton D., 30

Balazs, Etienne, 529

Ball, George W., 235 , 347

Ballantine, Joseph W., 135 , 466 -71. See also BDPT

Baltimore City Council, 321

Baltimore FBI office, 309 , 311 , 400 , 439 ;

prepares perjury summary, 312 -13;

requests definition of "Communist," 426 , 428

Baltimore News-Post , 159 , 385

Baltimore Sun (and Evening Sun ), 250 , 333 , 359 , 379 , 390 -91, 396

Bao Dai, 218

Barmine, Alexander, 185 -89, 192 , 221 , 223 , 327 , 331 -33, 355 , 397 , 400 , 407 , 574 ;

becomes fanatical anticommunist, 186 ;

denies knowing Soviet agents in U.S., 187 ;

FBI doubts credibility of, 189 , 216 , 332 ;

identifies wrong Berzin, 332 -33;

"Panchen Lama visits Lattimore" fraud, 220 , 333 ;

remembers Lattimore in 1948, 187

Barnes, Betty (Mrs. Joseph), 518

Barnes, Joseph, 23 , 101 , 187 -88, 225 , 253 , 331 , 339 , 458 , 518 , 524 , 528 , 531

Barrett, Robert LeMoyne, 16 , 38 , 257 , 354 , 355 , 415 , 500 , 524 -25;

leaves bequest to Lattimore, 525

Barth, Alan, 336

Barton, Carlyle, 380 , 495

Baumgardner, F. J., 246 , 259 -60

Bayley, Edwin, 213

Bazelon, David L., 459

BBC, 513 , 515

BDPT (Ballantine, Dallin, Poppe, Taracouzio), 466 -71, 475 , 483 , 485 , 489 ;

emphasize Lattimore's heresies, 470 -71;

selection of Lattimore's writings, 469 ;

internal disagreements, 468

Bean, Ruth, 253

Belden, Jack, 531

Bell, Daniel, 212

Belmont, Alan H., 216 , 262 -63, 267 , 269 , 275 , 277 , 278 , 325 , 360 , 390 , 406 , 408 , 443 , 445 , 456 , 464 , 486

Beloff, Max, 411 -12

Benes, Eduard, 181

Bennett, Martin, 146 -47

Bentley, Elizabeth, 74 , 187 , 335 -36, 394 , 397 , 428 , 449

Benton, William, 309

Bernhard, Arnold, 497 -98, 516 -17, 520 , 528

Berzin, Ian Antonovich, 332

Berzin, Ian Karlovich, 188 , 331 -33, 394

Bess, Demaree, 28 , 29 , 40

Bethel, Vermont, 302 -03

Biisk, 537

Biltz, Norman, 315 , 365

Bingham, Woodbridge, 335

Bira, 503 , 548 , 570

Bishop, Carl Whiting, 24

Bisson, Thomas A., 31 , 149 , 194 , 245 , 275 , 285 , 338 , 385

Boas, George, 438 -40, 462 , 529

Boggs, Hale, 554

Bogolepov, Igor (alias Ivar Nyman), 385 -89, 397 , 400 , 561 -64;

admits perjury against Lattimore, 562 ;

asks Lattimore's help in publishing memoirs, 541 -42;

claims enslavement by CIA, 562 ;

supports American isolationists such as Taft, 563

Bohlen, Charles E. "Chip", 355 , 429 , 430 , 431

The Bolshevik Invasion of the West , 554

Boody, Elizabeth. See Schumpeter

Bokmailer, 554

Borg, Dorothy, 443 , 512

Borodin, Mikhael, 29

Boston Herald Traveler , 522

Bothe, Elsbeth Levy, 424

Bourlin, Dimitri, 433

Bowen, Roger, 601

Bower, Robert T., 465

Bwles, Chester, 507 , 508

Bowman, Isaiah, 16 , 38 , 47 , 58 , 437 -38, 495

Boyle, Kay, 610

Bozell, Brent. 399

Branch, Taylor, xiii

Branigan, W. A., 312 , 335 , 363 , 377 , 400 , 419 , 426 , 428 , 454 , 455 , 461 , 474 ;

anticipates closing down Lattimore investigation in April 1952, 401 , 441

Braymer, Peggy, 534

Bridges, Harry, 291

Bridges, Styles, 173 , 213 , 486

British Association of Orientalists, 485

British Foreign Office, 514

British Parliament, 479

British Royal Society of Arts, 522

Bronk, Detlev, 197 , 437 , 438

Brookings, Mrs. Walter, 309

Browder, Earl, 186 , 194 , 268 , 271 , 273 , 282 , 291 , 397 , 429

Brown University, 520 , 588

Brownell, Herbert, 421 , 435 , 442 , 449 , 477 , 481 , 486 , 490 ;

confirmation hearings, 418 -20;

roster of security informants, 449 -50;

drops Lattimore prosecution, 490

Buchwald, Art, 567

Buck, Pearl, 84 , 130 , 150 , 529

Buckley, William F., Jr., 395 , 399 , 434 , 520 , 620

Buddhism, 19

Budenz, Louis Francis, 173 , 246 , 251 , 265 -86, 293 -94, 318 -19, 349 , 355 , 397 , 400 ,

407 , 474 ;

attacks on, 296 -97, 341 -43, 351 ;

admits testimony is flimsy, 279 ;

afraid of cross-examination, 278 , 337 ;

appears before HUAC, 160 -61;

appears before Tydings, 281 -84;

appears before SISS, 336 -39, 345 ;

arrested for labor activities, 265 ;

associates with Counter Attack , 270 ;

associates with Kohlberg, 263 , 268 , 270 , 271 ;

blows FBI cover in Eisler case, 267 -68;

contacted by J. B. Matthews, 265 , 271 -72;

and Catholic Church, 266 , 285 -86;

claims Communist plans to take over Hawaii, 290 -91;

dies, 553 -54;

dropped by Justice Department as informant, 449 ;

editor of Daily Worker , 265 ;

editorial omniscience claim, 282 , 337 ;

explains discrepancies in testimony, 339 ;

FBI doubts credibility of, 270 , 276 -77, 279 , 284 -86, 339 , 401 , 429 -30, 434 ;

fertile imagination of, 271 ;

Fifth Amendment, 269 ;

first accuses Lattimore, 273 ;

fumbles in Tydings hearings, 323 ;

Holy Name Society speech, 290 -91;

interviewed by FBI in 1945, 266 -67;

involved in Trotsky assassination, 269 ;

knows little about IPR, 267 ;

Lattimore not listed as IPR Communist, 272 ;

memorized 1,000 names as editor, 282 , 283 ;

"mere agrarian reformers" charge, 273 , 277 , 284 , 308 ;

names 400 concealed Communists, 272 , 274 -75;

not well informed about Communist party, 266 -67;

"official" nature of his hearsay, 283 ;

onionskin documents, 275 , 288 , 339 ;

professorship at Fordham, 267 ;

professorship at Notre Dame, 266 , 267 ;

as psychopathic liar, 283 ;

reluctant witness stance, 271-72 , 281 , 296 -97;

rescues Joe McCarthy, 279 , 284 ;

says Mao subservient to Stalin, 444 ;

slighted in IPR report, 397 ;

on Soviet threat in Asia, 193 -94, 271 ;

violates Mann Act, 269 ;

wants to expose Field and Jaffe, 272 ;

witness in Santo case, 269

Budenz, Margaret (Mrs. Louis), 278 , 554

Buhite, Russell, 601

Bull, H. R., 203

Bullitt, William C., 29 , 177 -78, 208 , 306 , 383 -84, 504 , 588

Bundy, McGeorge, 518

Burger, Warren E., 489

Burkhardt, Daniel H., 211 -12, 220

Burma Road, 66

Burnham, James, 464

Burns, John, 566

Burton, Stanley, 522

Bush, George, x

Butterworth, W. Walton, 375

Byrd, Harry F., 445

Byrnes, James F., 139 -40

C

Caccia, Sir Harold, 514

Cain, Harry, 395

Caldwell, Oliver J., 607

California, University of (Berkeley), 570

Callas, Charles, 610

Cambridge University, 515 , 575

Canadian Club (Ottawa), 110

Capehart, Homer, 213 , 297

Carlson, Evans, 55

Carnegie Corporation, 192 , 210

Cart, E. H., 576

Carruthers, Douglas, 16 , 564

Carruthers, Rosemary, 564 , 568 , 572 , 574 , 575 , 577 , 581 , 582

Carter, Edward C., 23 , 28 -29, 46 , 59 , 64 , 125 , 133 , 268 , 274 , 317 , 327 ;

appears before SISS, 328 -30, 385 ;

trip to Moscow, 26 -27, 387

Carter, George, 133 , 135 , 411 , 440 , 495 , 496

Case, Clifford, 480

The Case of Richard Sorge , 332

Castle, William R., 180

Catholic Church, 172 , 296 , 309

Catholic Press Association, 297

Catholic Review, 299

Catholic University of America, 285 -86

Catholic War Veterans, 458

Catholic World , 152

Caute, David, 602

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 192 , 239 , 352 , 385 , 502 , 518 , 522 , 532 , 539 , 542 , 553 , 566 , 570 ;

and Lattimore's "escape," 389 -94;

refuses to acknowledge Freedom of Information Act, 572 ;

releases false story, 391 -93;

takes nine years on FOI request, 503 , 572

Chamberlin, William Henry, 40

Chambers, Whittaker, 183 , 187 , 208 -09, 211 , 221 , 274 , 278 , 336 , 394 , 397 , 428

Chang Ch'ün, 118 -20, 585

Chang Han-fu, 68 , 320

Chang Hsin-hai, 180

Chang Hsueh-liang, 20 , 31

Chaplin, Charlie, 274 , 435

Chavez, Dennis, 296 -97, 397 , 435

Ch'en Chia-k'ang, 167

Chen Kuo-fu, 117

Chen Li-fu, 117

Chennault, Claire, 63 , 89 , 91 , 93 , 117 -18, 208 , 394

Chew Sih Hong, 100 -101

Chi Chao-ting, 313 , 335 , 340 , 378 , 403 , 422 , 483 , 515 ;

memorial service for, 515 -16

Chi, K. C., 101

Chiang Ching (Mao's wife), 566

Chiang Ching-kuo, 454

Chiang Kai-shek, 29 , 31 , 56 , 58 , 65 , 66 , 93 , 111 , 114 , 233 , 337 , 341 , 427 , 448 ;

complains about allied neglect of China, 61 -63;

conferences with Lattimore, 60 -63, 69 -70, 75 -83, 115 -17;

quoted on loss of civil war, 165 -66;

resentment of British, 77 , 81 -83;

trusts Stalin, 585 ;

values Lattimore-Currie channel, 61 , 67 , 76 ;

wants Lattimore to remain in his service, 70 , 93 , 94 ;

wants representation on allied councils, 79

Chiang, Mayling Soong (Madame Chiang Kai-shek), 50 , 62 , 63 , 66 , 69 , 70 , 75 , 78 , 82 , 88 , 94 , 103 , 108 , 114 , 117 , 233 ;

asks Lattimore to return to China, 92 ;

charms American visitors, 56 ;

goes to U.S. for medical tare, 95

Chicago Journal of Commerce , 159

Chicago Tribune , 308 , 333 , 341 , 389 ;

McCarthy and, 214 , 225 , 231 , 299 , 304

China Daily News , 101

China lobby, 141 , 287 , 298 , 301 , 316 , 369 , 383 , 400 , 477 , 502 , 504 , 506 , 507

The China Lobby in American Politics , 301

China Monthly , 142 -43

China Quarterly , 166

China Scapegoat , 598

China Shakes the World , 531

The China Story, 464

China Today , 151 , 279 , 282

China White Paper . 191 , 198 , 207 , 466

Chinese Communists, 31 , 337 . See also Lattimore, Owen

Chinese Nationalist Government, 281 , 356 , 453 ;

furnishes documents to Department of State, 455 ;

oppresses Mongols, 11 -12, 17

Choibalsan, 116 , 120 , 170 , 527 , 571

Chou En-lai, 75 , 89 , 292 , 372 , 517 , 551 , 566 ;

anti-Soviet tirade, 558 ;

drinks whisky on Long March, 558 -59;

meets with Latfzmore, 64 , 68 , 94 , 558 ;

and Sian incident, 31 ;

at Yenan, 32 -33

A Christian in Politics , 430

Christian Science Monitor , 28 , 40 ,

295 Chu Teh, 32 , 90 , 453

Churchill, Winston, 42 , 63 , 72 , 73 , 151

Civil Service Commission, 100 , 101 , 355 , 475

Clare, Daniel H., Jr., 172 -73, 269

Clark, Bennett Champ, 459

Clark, Kenneth, 569

Clark, Tom C., 100

Clay, Lucius, 429

Cleveland Foreign Affairs Council, 87

Cleveland, W. V., 409

Close, Upton, 597

Clubb, O. Edmund, 24

Cochran, Bert, 603

Cohen, Warren, 600

Cohn, Roy M., 219 , 406 -9, 429 , 435 , 457 , 460 , 472 , 479 , 482 , 491 ;

brought to Washington for Lattimore prosecution, 406 ;

claims his UN investigation most important ever conducted in U.S., 411 ;

claims offer to be Senate Judiciary counsel, 413 ;

demands to interview San Francisco witness, 407 ;

lies to McCarran about Hummer, 417 -20;

loses lead role in Lattimore prosecution, 409 ;

tries to get Lattimore case for N.Y. grand jury, 404 -5

Colegrove, Kenneth, 308 , 343 , 434 ;

approves Dutch colonialism, 105

Coleman, J. Douglas, 439

Coleman, Tom, 298

Collier's , 193 , 271

Columbia , 198 -99, 283 , 305

Columbia Broadcasting System, 91

Colvin, John, 546

Commager, Henry Steele, 552 , 554

Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy, 246 , 288 , 383

Committee for a Free Asia, 352

Committee of One Million Against the Admission of Communist China to the United Nations, 502 , 506

The Communist Controversy in Washington , 599

Communist Infiltration in the United States , 153

Community Church of Boston, 499 , 522

Connally, Tom, 253

Conquest, Robert, 109 , 592 , 598

Content analysis, 464 -66

Cook, Fred J., 597

Cooke, Charles "Savvy," 351

Cooney, John, 613

Coons, Arthur G., 146

Cootes, Merritt N., 218

Coplon, Judith, 401

Corcoran, Tommy, 141 -42

Cornelius, A., 190 -91, 201 -2, 322

Cornell University, 441

Cornish, Norman, xiii

Cotton, James, 20 , 586 , 629 , 630

Council on Foreign Relations, 103 , 168 , 437 ;

Lattimore appearances at, 47 , 49 , 51 , 85 , 95 , 104 , 179 , 190 , 551

Counter Attack , 270

Countryman, Vern, 424

Cowles, Mike, 347

Cox, E. E., 333

Cox, John Stuart, 606

Coyne, J. Patrick, 266 -68, 270 , 282

Creel, H. G., 24 , 434 , 466

Cronin, Reverend John F., 152 -54, 171 , 268 , 402 , 419 ;

claims 2,000 communists in federal jobs, 153

Crosby, Donald, S. J., 345

Crossman, Edgar G., 328

Crouch, Paul, 351

The Cry Is Peace , 401

Cumings, Bruce, 612

Currie, Lauchlin, 56 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 63 -67, 69 , 70 , 71 , 74 , 84 , 88 , 91 , 96 , 104 , 125 , 378 , 483 ;

fails to understand Chinese revolution, 57 ;

importance to lend-lease for China, 88 ;

1942 trip to China, 89 -90, 93

Czechoslovakia, 170

D

Daily Worker , 271 , 274 , 283 , 327 , 337

Dalai (Mongol historian), 503 , 526 , 545 , 549 , 573

Dalai Lama, 203 , 352 -54

Dallin, David, 466 -71

Dalstroi, 109

Damdinsuren, 535

Darkhan, 535

Daughters of the American Revolution, 281 , 305

Davies, John Paton, 84 , 89 , 135 , 150 , 319 , 384 , 394 , 398 , 414 , 417 , 435 , 607 ;

fired by Dulles, 480 -81;

SISS recommends prosecution for perjury, 396

Davies, Joseph, 389

Davis, Charles, 220

Davis, Elmer, 92 , 105

Davis, Jerome, 171

Davis, Merle, 26

Davison, W. Phillips, 465

Davitt, John H., 413 , 444 , 455 , 461

Deakin, F. W., 332

De Baat, 549

De Borchgrave, Arnaud, 399

De Caux, Len, 268

Decline of the West , 20

Decter, Moshe, 365 , 399

DeFrancis, John, 253 , 440 , 583

De Gaulle, Charles, 517

De Haas, Miriam, 529

De Lacy, Hugh, 267

Delhi University, 355 , 499

De Mille, Cecil B., 307

Dennett, Raymond, 127 , 343

Department of Justice, 401 -4, 408 -11, 459 , 471 , 482 , 553 ;

drops Lattimore prosecution, 489 ;

evaluation shows no case against Lattimore, 402 ;

opposes Cohn's runaway grand jury, 404 ;

use of BDPT analysis contemptible, 471

Department of State, 159 , 172 , 192 , 239 , 355 , 464 , 485 , 507 , 588 ;

China Round Table, 1949, 202 , 343 -44, 376 ;

Lattimore's connection with, 251 ;

sends students to Leeds for Mongol studies, 524 ;

taken in by CIA on Lattimore "escape," 390 -93

Desert Road to Turkestan , 10 -12, 13

De Silva, Peer, 389

De Toledano, Ralph, 434

Devin-Adair, 433

Dewey, Thomas E., 123 , 183 , 311

Dies Committee. See House Un-American Activities Committee

Dilowa Hutukhtu (Diluv Khutagt), 21 , 116 , 120 , 189 , 191 , 192 -93, 210 , 322 , 352 -54, 397 , 412 , 504 , 505 , 512 -13, 523 , 570 ;

befriends Lattimore, 19 -20;

convicted by Mongolian People's Republic, 19 ;

dies, 518 ;

memoirs published, 572 ;

and Narobanchin Monastery, 19 ;

works for Chinese Nationalist Government, 60 ;

at Yale, 512

Dimond, E. Gray, 201 , 557

Dirksen, Everett, 310 , 507

Dixon, Roland B., 16

Dodd, Bella, 26 , 280 , 288 -89, 397

Dodd, Thomas, 508

Dolan, Brooke, 90

Donegan, George J., 444 , 446 , 448 , 454 , 455 , 461 , 465 , 468 , 474 , 489

Donnelly, Richard, 428

Dooman, Eugene, 55 , 135 , 180 , 340 -41, 362 ;

believes Lattimore is Pacificus, 128 -29;

charges Lattimore doctrines eliminated Japanese capitalist class, 347

Douglas, William O., 505 , 506 , 508

Draper, William H., 180

Dreyfus, Louis G., 239

Dulles, John Foster, 25 , 173 , 215 , 315 , 434 , 480 -81, 486 -87, 497 , 498

Durr, Clifford, 149 , 610

Duyvendak, J. J. L., 439

E

East and West Association, 130 , 150

Eastern World , 412

Eastland, James O., 316 , 329 , 336 , 343 , 344 , 345 , 382 , 383 , 387 -88, 473 , 475 , 502 , 542

Eastman, Lloyd, 165 -66

Eastman, Max, 131 -33, 151 , 173 , 186 , 470

Eaton, Cyrus, 567

Eberle, David, 412

Eddy, Sherwood, 200

Edelstein, David, 502

Edgerton, Henry W., 459

Edwards, Jerome E., 622

Edwards, Willard, 214 , 225 , 231 , 304 , 307 , 341 , 389

Einstein, Alfred, 610

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 417 , 434 , 476 , 477 , 482 , 503

Eisenhower, Milton, 500 -501

Eislet, Gerhart, 267 -68, 334 , 389 , 554

Ekvall, Robert B., 352 -54

Election of 1946, 160 -62

Election of 1948, 176 -77, 183 -84

Election of 1950, 209 , 309 -10

Election of 1954, 480

Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps , 322

Elizabeth II, 514 -15

Emergency Civil Liberties Committee, 496

Emerson, Rupert, 467

Emerson, Thomas I., 424

Emmerson, John K., 601

Encyclopedia Brittanica , 540

Entrapment by SISS, 280 , 427 , 429

Esbjornson, Robert, 437

Evans, Luther, 210

Evans, Roger, 204

Ex-Communist Witnesses , 335

F

Fair Fights and Foul , 373

Fairbank, John King, 24 , 189 , 193 , 246 , 320 , 324 , 334 , 377 , 397 , 455 , 485 , 504 , 569 ;

invites Lattimore to lecture at Harvard annually, 441

Fairbank, Wilma, 377

Fang Lizhi, 652

Fanshen , 531

Far Eastern Survey , 126 , 246 , 275

Farley, Miriam S., 415

Farnsworth, Clyde, 516

Farrand, John E., 230 , 304

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 189 , 193 , 258 , 390 -94, 572 ;

belittles evidence against Lattimore, 225 , 401 , 409 , 447 , 454 ;

Central Research Desk of, 246 , 259 -60, 464 ;

competes with Joe McCarthy, 274 ;

conspires with Justice Department to protect Budenz, 279 ;

and custodial detention list, 102 ;

doubts Budenz's credibility, 270 , 276 -77, 284 -86, 339 , 434 ;

downgrades Lattimore informants, 485 ;

finds errors in Budenz's book, 401 ;

illegalities in Lattimore investigation, 216 , 428 -29;

interviews Lattimore, 259 ;

investigates Lattimore defense fund, 439 -40;

and Kohlberg, 252 , 261 -64;

opens file on Lattimore, 52 -53;

puts massive resources into Lattimore investigation, 433 , 451 ;

selective retention of Lattimore evidence, 309 , 331 ;

suppresses doubts about Barmine, 331 -32;

taken in by Harvey Matusow, 383 , 450 ;

takes Lattimore off security index, 487 ;

unimpressed by SISS hearings, 363 , 377 , 400

Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, 436

Federal Works Agency, 102

Feis, Herbert, 466 , 594

Ferguson, Homer, 297 , 316 , 317 , 326 , 333 , 344 , 349 , 361 -63, 368 , 369 , 375 , 377 , 385 , 388 , 395 , 406 , 413 , 473

Field, Frederick V., 23 , 46 , 193 , 194 , 268 , 273 , 274 , 275 , 280 , 282 , 290 , 324 , 326 , 328 , 335 , 339 ;

appears before Lattimore grand jury, 473 -74;

appears before SISS, 385 ;

appears before Tydings committee, 291 , 330

Fifth Amendment argument, 474

Finland: Soviet invasion of, 496

Finley, Sir Moses, 576

Finney, John W., 628

First Amendment argument, 436 , 445 , 448 , 458 , 459

First Methodist Church (Hartford), 496

Fischer, Ruth, 614

Flanders, Ralph, 473 , 481

Flynn, John T., 433 -34, 443

Foerster, Martha Ann, 231

Foerster, Willi, 229 -31, 304

Foley Square trial (of Communist Party leaders), 281

Foley, William, 409 , 446

Ford, John W., 455

Ford, Peyton, 215 , 216 , 261 , 276 , 279 , 307

Fordham University, 267 , 297

Foreign Affairs , 50 , 102

Foreign Policy and Party Politics , 398

Foreign Policy Association, 31 , 90

Forman, Harrison, 132 , 194 , 267

Forrestal, James, 228

Fortas, Abe, 227 , 249 , 251 , 259 , 280 , 288 , 293 , 302 , 354 , 366 -69, 423 , 431 , 521 ;

claims Lattimore defense did not hurt Arnold, Fortas & Porter, 425 ;

engaged by Eleanor Lattimore, 222 ;

disagrees

with Thurman Arnold on prospects of Lattimore defense, 463 ;

warns Lattimore of entrapment, 280

Fox, Manuel, 60 , 63 , 85

France, Jacob, 495

Franco, Francisco, 176

Frank, John P., 423 -24

Frazier, Dudley, 190

Freedom of Information Act, 572

Freedom, Virginia Starr, 241 , 244

Freeman , 318

Freeman, Miller, 261 -62

Fried, Charles, 621

Fried, Richard, 212 , 613

Friendly, Alfred, 301

Fuchs, Klaus, 209

Fulbright, J. William, 355 , 521 , 554

G

Galbraith, John Kenneth, 235

Gallagher, William, 416

Gannes, Harry, 273

Gardner, John W., 210

Garrett, Shirley Stone, 201

Gateway to Asia: Sinkiang , 258

Gaus, John M., 57

Gauss, Clarence, 64 , 80 , 83 , 90

Gayn, Mark, 141

Genghis (Chingis) Khan, 24 , 412 , 507 , 521

George, Alexander, 465

George Banta Company, 258

Getty, J. Arch, 592

Gibbens, John, 573

Gibney, Frank, 472

Gilbert, Brian. See Roger Kennedy

Glasgow University, 519

Glasser, James, 283

God, Church, and Flag , 345

Goglidze, S. A., 348

Goldman, Eric F., 603

Goldman, Patti A., 621

Goldsborough, T. Alan, 291

Gol'man, 548

Golos, Jacob, 336

Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 505

Goodfellow, Preston, 90

Goodman, Walter, 160 -61, 162 , 183

Goodwin, William, 369

Goucher College, 551

Gough, Lewis K., 435

Gouzenko, Igor, 159

Goyocethale Lattimorei , 584

Graebner, Norman, 123 , 175

Graham, Frank, 315

Granada Television, 564 , 565 -66, 567 -68

Graves, Mortimer, 510 , 517

Great Falls, Virginia, 524 , 529 , 539 -40

The Great Terror , 592

Greaves, Percy, 73

Green, Theodore Francis, 253 , 284

Gregg, E. M., 238

Gressley, Gene, 423

Grew, Joseph, 55 , 128 -29, 135 , 139 , 180 , 222 , 336

Griffith, Robert, 213 , 301 , 613

Gromyko, Andrei, 291

Grunfeld, A. Tom, 617

Guggenheim Foundation, 19

Guthman, Ed, 393

H

Halleck, Charles, 507

Hammer, Kenneth R., 195 -96, 211 -12

Hand, Learned, 449

Hangin, John Gombojab, 159 , 192 , 412 , 504 , 570

Hanson, Haldore, 378

Harper, Alan D., 398 -99

Harper's , 314

Hartiman, Averell, 108 , 111 , 128 , 547

Harrington, Michael, 628

Harris, Frederick Brown, 472

Hartherr, Robert C., S. J., 306

Harvard University, 16 , 441 , 457 , 485 , 500 ;

Russian Research Center, 364

Harvard-Yenching Institute, 18

Harvey, David, 438 , 510 -11

Haushofer, Karl, 52 , 67 , 151

Hazard, John N., 108 , 112 , 114 , 388

Hearst Corporation, 152 , 159 , 219 , 256 , 288 , 289 , 302 , 303 , 317 , 318 , 392 , 462

Hedin, Sven, 32 , 41

Heinrichs, Waldo, 511 , 599 , 630

Hellman, Lillian, 107 , 111 , 274

Henderson, Loy, 204 , 486

Hendrickson, Robert, 316

Hennings, Thomas C., 480

Hennrich, Carl, 246 , 275 , 414 , 422 , 446 , 448 , 451 , 454 , 481

Henry Regnery Company, 322 , 401

Herod, William R., 397

Hersey, John, 200

Hihbs, Ben, 347

Hickenlooper, Bourke, 213 , 253 , 256 , 284 , 291 , 294 , 296 , 300 , 317 , 323

High Tartary , 12 , 17

Hill, Creighton, 85

Hill, Effie, 32 -33

Hill, Lister, 416

Hillenkoetter, Roscoe, 394

Hilsman, Roger, 507

Hinton, Harold, 336

Hinton, William, 531

Hirohito, 148

Hiss, Alger, 183 , 187 , 208 -9, 213 , 221 , 227 , 295 , 303 , 320 , 401 , 406 , 414

Ho Chi Minh, 131 , 179 , 218 , 239 , 295 , 519

Ho Ying-chin, 57 , 113 , 114

Hobbs, Samuel, 159 , 222

Hofstadter, Richard, 223 , 605

Holland, William L., 43 , 326 , 345 -46, 396 , 397 , 502

Hollander, Paul, 598

Holy Cross Quarterly , 201

Hook, Brian, 529 , 631

Hoover, Herbert, Jr., 486

Hoover, J. Edgar, 230 -31, 243 , 245 , 246 , 312 , 320 , 385 , 410 , 445 , 472 , 490 ;

anticipates closing Lattimore case, 401 ;

and Budenz, 267 , 274 , 276 , 278 , 279 , 286 ;

comments about Lattimore, 227 , 400 , 487 ;

and HUAC, 154 , 211 , 257 , 428 , 490 ;

and Justice Department, 446 , 448 , 454 , 456 , 460 , 461 , 474 , 483 ;

and Lattimore file, 216 , 256 ;

and Lattimore investigation, 189 , 191 -92, 204 , 258 -59;

punitive grand jury, 260 -61, 400 ;

and Surine, 220

Hoover Institution, 468

Hopkins, Harry, 56 , 89 , 95

Hornbeck, Stanley, 58 , 208

Hottel, Guy, 225

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 102 , 153 , 159 -62, 171 , 172 , 183 , 187 , 211 , 228 , 241 , 268 , 307 , 317 , 339 , 350 , 382 , 435 , 475

Hu Shih, 30 , 56 , 59 , 72

Huang (Grand Eunuch), 118 -20

Hubbard, L. E., 36

Huber, John J. (alias Tom Ward), 287 -90, 292 , 426 ;

retracts Lattimore charges, 290

Hudson, Roy, 241 , 242

Hull, Cordell, 58 , 71 , 73 , 107

Humelsine, Carlisle, 355

Hummel, Arthur, 210

Hummer, Edward J., 401 -4, 406 -10, 414 , 423 , 426 , 437 -38, 444 , 445 , 450 , 454 , 458 , 460 , 464 , 465 , 468 , 473 , 476 , 479 , 485 , 489 ;

credited with Hiss indictment and rise of Nixon, 402 ;

finds case against Lattimore weak, 402 -3;

libeled by Cohn, 417 -21;

presents Lattimore case to grand jury, 413 ;

secures indictment, 413

Humphrey, Caroline, 576

Humphrey, Hubert, 309

Hurley, Patrick, 150 , 154 , 294 , 342 , 398 , 435 , 481

I

Immigration and Naturalization Service, 269 , 394

Indiana University, 570

Inner Asian Frontiers of China , 24 , 36 , 364 , 469

Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR), 194 , 282 , 316 , 318 , 323 , 326 , 338 , 342 , 343 , 369 , 383 , 388 , 399 , 451 , 463 ;

and Alfred Kohlberg, 126 -27, 172 ;

attacked by Daniel Clare, 172 -73;

attacked by Louis Budenz, 267 ;

Banff Conference, 1933, 22 ;

files seized by Senate, 318 ;

founding of, 22 ;

hires Lattimore as editor, 22 ;

Hot Springs Conference, 1945, 127 -28, 343 ;

Mt. Tremblant Conference, 1942, 85 ;

moves to Vancouver, 502 ;

SISS report condemns, 395 -96;

South Manchurian Railway analyses of, 45 -46;

Soviet Union in, 26 -29, 30 , 43 ;

Stratford conference, 1947, 171 ;

Virginia Beach Conference, 1939, 42 -43;

wins case against Internal Revenue, 501 -2;

Yosemite Conference, 1936, 28 , 29 -30

Intellectuals and McCarthy , 301

Internal Security Act of 1950 (McCarran Act), 308 -9, 355 , 361 , 428 , 475

Irkutsk, 535

Irons, Peter H., 152

Isaacs, Harold, 24 , 28

Isjants, 570

Isono, Fujiko, 546 , 549 , 552 , 557 , 559 , 561 , 581 , 583 , 585 ;

attends Leeds University, 540 ;

collaborates with Lattimore, 544 , 561 , 568 , 570 , 572

Israel, 176

Isserman, Abraham, 434

Ivens, Joris, 556

J

Jackson, Frank, 240 -41

Jackson, John W., 445 , 448 , 451 , 460 , 461 , 468 , 471 , 487

Jacoby, Annalee, 190

Jaffe, Philip, 32 , 47 , 133 , 141 , 142 , 194 , 222 , 267 , 273 , 274 , 401 , 474

Jansen, Marius, 295

Japan, 26 , 181 , 547 ;

aggression against China, 25 ;

aggression against Mongols. 24 ;

blitzkrieg tactics, 21 ;

brutality and arrogance, 21 ;

and Pauley Mission, 143 -50

Japan Television, 555 , 560

Japan Research Council, 542 -43

Japanese Office for Mongol Affairs, 34

Jarvinen, Harry A., 390 -94, 444 ;

tells CIA Lattimore will escape to the Soviet Union, 389

Javits, Jacob, 554

Jefferson, Bonnie Sharp, 152

Jenner, William, 316 , 326 , 369 , 376 , 407 , 473 , 475 , 481

Jessup, Philip, 191 , 201 -2, 214 , 218 , 223 , 250 , 252 , 261 , 263 , 345

Jewel, Robert C., 450

John Birch Society, 399

Johns Hopkins University, 142 , 297 , 299 , 308 , 310 , 371 , 411 , 439 , 485 , 495 -96, 500 , 508 , 509 -11, 551 ;

faculty resolution on Lattimore, 381 ;

Hamburger Archives get Lattimore papers, 511 ;

hires Lattimore, 38 ;

puts Lattimore on leave with pay after indictment, 437 ;

restores Lattimore to active service, 495 ;

trustees oppose Lattimore, 150 , 380 , 437 , 495

Johnson, Louis, 207

Johnson, Lyndon B., 521 , 552

Johnson, Nelson T., 24 , 55 , 56 , 466

Johnston, Frank, 259

Jones, Catesby, 385

Jones, M. A., 339 -40;

concludes for FBI no case against Lattimore, 400

Journal of the Mongolia Society , 509

Judd, Walter, 25 , 137 , 177 -78, 315

K

Kades, Charles L., 502

Kahin, George McT., 253 , 440 -41, 606

Kahn, Albert, 389 , 619

Kansas City Times , 582

Kansas, University of, 582

Kara-Murza, 387

Karnow, Stanley, 633

Kauffman, James L., 179 -80, 181

Kearney, Reverend James F., 199 , 252 , 283 , 305 -7

Keay, V. P., 387

Keeley, Joseph, 125 , 214

Kefauver, Estes, 309 , 316 , 395 , 399

Kelly, Woodrow W., 453

Kennan, George F., 163 , 523

Kennedy, John F., 193 , 504 , 508 , 532 , 552

Kennedy, Roger (aka Brian Gilbert), 482 -83, 491 -92

Kenyon, Dorothy, 214 , 252 , 291

Kerley, Larry, 245 , 288 -90

Kern, Harry F., 180

Kerr, Jean (Mrs. Joe McCarthy), 219 , 244 , 274

Kersten, Charles, 219 , 280

Keswick, John, 515

Kilgore, Harley, 316 , 395 , 399

Kim Il-sung, 298

Kimball, Penn, 602

King, Mackenzie, 87

King's College, Cambridge, 576

Kirkland, James R., 414

Kirkpatrick, Theo, 270

Kissinger, Henry, 547

Kizer, Benjamin, 392 , 429

Klehr, Harvey, 141 -42

Klotz, Daniel J., 611

Kluckhohn, Clyde, 189

Knight, Frances, 486

Knights of Columbus, 198

Knowland, William, 213 , 253 , 315 , 369 , 497

Knox, Frank, 72 , 85

Koen, Ross Y., 301 , 600 , 612

Kohlberg, Alfred, 125 , 131 , 133 , 151 , 171 , 182 , 208 , 215 , 263 , 265 , 268 , 270 , 274 , 278 , 283 , 319 , 351 , 369 , 389 , 464 ;

attacks Lattimore in China Monthly , 142 -43;

bankrolls Paul Walters for Cuba trip, 244 ;

and Father Kearney, 199 , 305 -07;

furnishes information to McCarthy, 214 , 219 , 223 ;

hosts banquet for Roy Cohn, 472 -73;

interviewed by FBI, 252 -53, 261 -64;

investigates IPR, 126 -27, 172 ;

lends set of Daily Worker to Budenz, 271 ;

received by General Willoughby in Japan, 183

Kolyma. See Magadan

Konoye, Prince, 590

Koo, V. K. Wellington, 315

Korea, 88 , 176 , 208

Korean War, 298 -99, 310 -11;

defeat of U.S. 8th Army, 311 ;

skiers organize to defend western U.S. mountains, 311

Kornfeder, Joseph Zack, 324 -25, 343

Kosygin, Alexei, 547

Kozlov, Frol R., 122

Kristol, Irving, 54 , 399

Krivitsky, Walter, 331 , 615

Krock, Arthur, 284

K'ung, Ai-ling Soong (Mrs. H. H.), 82

K'ung, H. H., 64 , 77 , 94 , 313 , 515

K'ung, Jeanette, 95

Kung P'eng, 319 , 320

Kunming conference, 117 -18, 341 -42, 345 , 349 , 397

Kuomintang, 167 , 168 -69, 200 , 201

L

Ladd, D. M., 191 , 210 , 216 , 237 , 243 , 259 , 270 , 274 , 279 ;

tells Hoover Lattimore case should be closed, 401 ;

tells Hoover Lattimore case is weak, 409 -10

Lamont, Corliss, 622

Lamont, Thomas, 127 , 133

Langer, William, 316 , 413 , 418 , 480

Larson, Emmanuel, 141 , 142

Larson, Franz "Duke," 548

Lasswell, Harold, 464

Latham, Earl, 599

Lattimore, Alec, 4 -5

Lattimore, Clare, 584

Lattimore, David (father), 3 , 6 , 516

Lattimore, David (son), 21 , 25 , 34 , 170 , 513 , 517 , 518 , 521 , 557 , 577 -78, 583 , 584

Lattimore Defense Fund, 439

Lattimore, Eleanor Holgate (Mrs. Owen), 9 -10, 12 , 13 , 16 , 24 , 38 , 59 , 105 , 249 , 253 , 293 , 325 , 355 , 431 , 432 , 457 , 492 , 501 , 512 , 517 , 520 , 521 , 523 , 525 -27, 528 , 530 , 535 , 536 , 541 , 545 , 550 , 557 , 571 ;

appears before SISS, 385 ;

designs Great Falls, Virginia, house, 529 ;

dies, 529 ;

hires Abe Fortas, 222 ;

journeys alone through Russia, 13 , 536 ;

memorial booklet prepared, 529

Lattimore, Evan, 583

Lattimore Institute of Mongolian Studies, 567

Lattimore, Maria, 463 , 519 , 578 -81;

presents poem to Mongolian premier Tsedenbal, 580

Lattimore, Michael, 463 , 555 , 557 , 558 , 559 , 578

Lattimore, Owen: accurate predictions, 34 , 41 , 50 , 125 , 165 , 167 , 179 , 196 -97, 218 , 499 , 501 , 519 , 586 ;

accused as spy by PRC, 566 ;

advocates recognition of PRC, 189 ;

annoys Chinese on 1972 trip, 556 ;

anti-Soviet attitudes, 35 , 44 , 45 , 48 , 86 , 95 , 146 , 148 , 154 , 169 , 176 , 195 , 196 -97, 202 , 523 ;

adviser to Chiang, 58 -59, 93 ;

approves MacArthur's policies in Japan, 144 , 158 , 169 , 195 ;

Arnhold and Company employee, 6 -9;

"arsenal of aggression" charge, 49 ;

attacks China lobby, 287 ;

attacks Budenz, 287 , 294 -95;

attacks John Foster Dulles,. 498 ;

attitude toward FBI, 584 ;

attitude toward Henry Wallace, 113 , 117 , 120 , 122 , 176 ;

awarded honorary degrees: Glasgow, 519 ,

Brown, 570 ,

Leeds, 583 ;

baptized as Catholic, 5 -6;

begins to doubt Chiang, 104 , 135 , 155 -56, 165 , 178 ;

on Berlin airlift, 182 ;

blamed for "loss" of China, x , 131 , 202 , 222 , 504 ;

British Parliament discusses, 479 ;

Bur-yat welcome to, 535 -36;

called "Soviet instrument" by Senate committee. 396 ;

calls self "feudal remnant," 527 ;

on capitalism, 124 -25, 157 -58, 195 , 203 , 471 , 499 , 516 ;

caravans through Gobi, 10 -12;

on causes of World War II, 91 ;

childhood in China, 4 ;

on China market, 86 ;

on Chinese Communists, 34 , 51 , 86 , 102 , 104 , 129 , 137 , 154 , 156 , 169 , 179 , 195 , 210 ;

on Chinese racism, 559 ;

on Chinese overpopulation, 11 -12;

on Churchill's Iron Curtain speech, 158 ;

confers with Chiang Kai-shek, 60 -63, 64 -70, 75 -83, 115 -17, 585 ;

confers with Truman, 135 -37;

contemplates consulting business, 197 -98;

at Council on Foreign Relations, 47 , 49 , 51 , 85 , 103 , 104 , 168 , 179 , 190 , 437 , 551 ;

criticizes Kuomintang, 78 ;

on dangers to Marshall Plan, 164 -65, 176 -77;

denied leave by Milton Eisenhower, 500 -01;

despises Soviet bureaucracy, 525 , 544 ;

dies, 588 ;

edits Pacific Affairs , 22 , 25 , 28 , 36 , 38 , 42 , 44 , 49 , 53 -54, 330 ;

empathy with Mongols, 11 ;

"escape" rumor about, 390 -94;

exaggerates genius of Chiang Kai-shek, 59 , 89 , 91 , 103 , 125 ;

explains "cagey" letter, 329 -30;

explains Communist victory in China, 513 -14;

fails to win Oxford scholarship, 6 ;

falls in love with Tuva, 538 -39;

FBI begins surveillance of, 189 ;

Fighting Funds for Finland supporter, 39 , 312 ;

financial investigation of, 258 -59;

First Amendment defense, 424 , 427 ;

forced to sign obnoxious Roosevelt letter to Chiang, 96 ;

on great power arrogance, 546 ;

guilt by association, 52 , 196 , 302 ;

handles Currie's mail, 90 , 378 ;

has dinosaur named after him, 584 ;

on Hitler-Stalin Pact, 41 ;

Honeymoon in Central Asia, 13 ;

hospitalized in Ulan Bator, 545 ;

importance of Pacific War to, 87 ;

inaccurate predictions, 48 , 95 , 125 , 157 , 170 , 499 , 585 ;

1952 indictment of, 413 -14;

1954 indictment of, 475 ;

inspects Burma Road, 66 -67;

invested as member Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 526 -27;

invited to Soong family Christmas, 82 ;

on Japanese postwar plans, 138 ;

joins Johns Hopkins faculty, 38 ;

joins Leeds faculty, 510 -13;

on Korean War, 356 ;

on Kuomintang as war party, 156 ;

likes Enoch Powell's politics, 522 ;

marries Eleanor Holgate, 9 ;

"master races" terminology used by, 53 -54;

and "mere agrarian reformers" myth, 34 , 293 -94, 320 ;

mission to Afghanistan, 209 -210, 217 -18;

on Mongolian People's Republic, 509 -10;

Mongols invite him to retire there, 530 ;

on Munich and appeasement, 41 , 91 ;

and Nehru, 203 -04;

on North Koreans as aggressors,

356 ;

opposes aid to Chinese Communists, 55 -56, 80 ;

opposes colonialism, 47 , 85 , 125 , 130 , 158 , 164 , 299 ;

opposes imperialism, 531 ;

opposes intervention in China, 148 ;

opposes Japanese aggression, 19 , 35 , 44 ;

opposes revolutionary change, 130 ;

opposes separate Chinese Communist army, 124 , 147 ;

opposes spread of Communism, 44 , 91 , 143 , 579 ;

opposes Vietnam War, 510 , 518 , 520 , 531 , 543 ;

passport difficulties of, 485 ;

Pearl Harbor accusation against, 73 -74;

on People's Republic of China, 203 , 255 , 281 ;

praises Chiang Kai-shek, 153 ;

predicts Soviet ethnic problems, 197 ;

on primacy of geopolitics, 18 ;

promotes loan to Nationalist China, 80 ;

reports to Roosevelt, 83 , 95 ;

ridicules "Thought of Chairman Mao" and Mao's Little Red Book, 559 , 568 ;

Russian orphan tumor about, 3 , 327 ;

at St. Bees in England, 5 -6;

sarcastic in SISS hearing, 375 -77;

at school in Switzerland, 4 ;

seventieth birthday party, 535 ;

at SISS hearing, 365 -77;

on Sino-Soviet conflict, 18 , 147 , 155 , 166 , 519 , 578 ;

speech to Mongol villagers, 550 ;

Soviet attacks on, 18 , 28 , 103 , 616 ;

on Soviet "democracy," 124 ;

on Soviet minority policies, 18 , 104 ;

Soviet visit of 1936, 28 -29;

on Stalin's purge trials, 39 -40;

studies at Harvard, 16 ;

studies stock market, 497 -98;

supports aid to Israel, 176 -77;

supports Chinese middle class, 157 -58;

supports ethnic minorities, 203 ;

supports Marshall Plan, 174 -75;

supports Mongol nationalism, 17 , 158 ;

taken off Security Index, 487 ;

"top Soviet spy" charge by McCarthy, 214 -15, 217 , 219 , 253 ;

translates for Chiang, 81 -82, 114 , 116 ;

translates for Queen Elizabeth, 514 -15;

travel in Inner Mongolia, 18 ;

travel style in China, 7 -8;

trip to China, 1972, 551 -52, 555 -59;

trip to China, 1981, 578 -79;

trip to Czechoslovakia, 170 -71;

trip to Finland, 499 ;

trip to Hövsgöl, 549 -50;

trip to Israel, 520 ;

trip to Japan, 542 ;

trip to Kashmir, 203 ;

trip to Magadan, 109 ;

trip to Siberia, 535 -39;

trip to Yenan, 31 -33;

at Tydings hearings, 253 -56, 292 -95;

on Freda Utley, 292 ;

visits MPR as scholar, 504 -06, 517 , 521 , 526 -27, 533 -35, 545 -50, 564 , 565 -66, 568 , 573 -74, 582 ;

visits MPR on Wallace Mission, 120 -22;

wants to rescue Tibetan manuscripts, 210 ;

wants to retire in England, 522 ;

writings of, analyzed by BDPT, 466 -71

Lattimore, Richmond, 4

Lattimore the Scholar , 438 , 439

The Lattimore Story , 433 , 443

Laughlin, L. L., 339 , 359

Lauterbach, Richard, 177 , 189 , 196

Lawrence, David, 443

Laws, Bolitha J., 426 , 430 , 476 , 490

Lazarsfeld, Paul, 441

Leach, Edmund, 576

Leeds University, 510 -13, 516 -18, 524 , 527 -28, 529 -30, 551 , 553 , 566 , 570 , 572 ;

awards Lattimore honorary degree, 583 ;

Lattimore inaugural lecture, 513 ;

Lattimore procures funds for Mongolian studies, 522

Lehman, Herbert, 223 , 342 -43, 349 , 435

Lelyveld, Joseph, 566

Levering, Ralph B., 601

Levin, Herbert, 569

Lewis, Fulton, Jr., 443 , 445

Liebman, Marvin, 506

Life , 152 , 342 , 383

Likert, Rensis, 235

Lim, Katie, 557

Lipman, John K., 306

Lipper, Elinor (alias Elinor Catala), 109 , 322 -23, 347 , 614

Lippmann, Walter, 497 , 521

Lissner, Ernest J., 446 -47

Little, Brown and Company, 190 , 194 , 216 , 253 , 258

Litvinov, Maxim, 385 , 387

Lloyd George, Gwilym, 479

Lo, B. T. (pseud.), 245 -47

Lobsanvandan, xv , 526

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 252 , 253 , 284 , 296 , 300 , 317 , 497

Lonvin, Val, 416

Lucas, Scott, 253 , 297 , 310

Luce, Clare Boothe, 85

Luce, Henry, 94 , 137 , 200 , 342 , 383

Lung Yun, 66

Lyons, Eugene, 221 , 434

M

MacArthur, Douglas, 105 -6, 158 , 179 , 181 , 208 , 298 , 299 , 362 , 430 ;

firing of, 321 ;

subject of Military Situation in the Far East hearings, 321 -22

Macaulay, Stewart, 150 , 438 , 439

McAuliffe, Mary 5., 628

McCarran, Patrick A., 3 , 118 , 313 -18, 321 , 326 -31, 341 -43, 354 , 387 , 395 -99, 404 , 408 , 414 , 417 -20, 436 , 445 , 458 , 459 , 481 , 482 , 501 ;

accuses Lattimore at end of testimony, 378 -79;

apologizes to

McCarran, Patrick A. (continued )

Ed Hummer, 420 ;

apologizes for harassing Lattimore, 375 ;

attacked by Joe Al-sop, 341 -43, 349 -51;

believes Democrats are "communists to the core," 314 ;

browbeats counsel of witnesses, 328 -29, 368 -69;

browbeats Lattimore, 370 -74, 378 -79;

claims China is vassal of Kremlin, 361 ;

claims Lattimore responsible fur MacArthur firing, 327 ;

claims Soviet Union will take over India, 361 ;

convicts IPR before hearings, 331 ;

demands McGranery indict Lattimore, 405 ;

dies, 475 ;

establishes Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, 316 -17;

forces Brownell to demote Hummer, 418 -20, 427 ;

hunts "communist mastermind" in U.S., 315 -16, 365 ;

intimidates John Carter Vincent, 362 ;

joins China bloc, 315 ;

kills Nimitz Commission, 327 -28, 336 ;

opposes Bohlen nomination, 429 ;

power of, 314 , 336 , 406 ;

rebuked by district court dissenters, 459 ;

refuses to appear before grand jury, 473 ;

sees Henry Wallace as communist threat, 315 ;

as "Senator from Madrid," 315 ;

sponsors China aid bill, 315 ;

U. S. News 1951 interview of, 360 -61

McCarran-Walter Act, 417

McCarthy, Joseph R., 135 , 212 -27, 236 -37, 240 , 247 , 249 , 253 -56, 257 , 265 , 271 , 272 , 276 , 284 , 288 -90, 291 , 293 , 295 , 298 -99, 300 , 303 , 304 , 305 , 310 , 314 , 318 , 323 , 326 , 328 , 354 , 366 , 376 , 391 , 400 , 411 , 416 , 433 , 434 , 457 , 460 , 478 , 480 , 489 , 490 , 535 , 579 , 586 ;

attacks George Marshall, 287 ;

blames Lattimore for Pearl Harbor, 73 ;

censured by Senate, 481 ;

and Chinese Nationalist documents, 319 , 356 ;

connects Lattimore with Sorge spy ring, 230 -31;

cooperates with McCarran, 317 -18, 365 ;

dares Lattimore to sue, 250 ;

dines with Kohlberg, 219 ;

hires Joseph Zack Kornfeder, 324 -25;

Malmedy investigation of, 212 -14;

March 30, 1950 speech to senate, 221 -25;

red-baiting in 1946, 161 ;

rescued by Budenz, 279 , 284 ;

top Soviet spy charge, 214 -215, 217 , 219 , 222 , 253 ;

willing to stand or fall on Lattimore case, 255 , 379 ;

works on bill prohibiting "policy treason," 444

McCarthyism: The Fight for America , 434

McCormick-Patterson papers, 152 , 256 , 318 , 462

McCullogh, Richard P., 133

McDermott, Michael J., 391

McEvoy, Dennis, 199

McFarlin, M. W., 192 , 210 , 238

McGovern, William M., 344 ;

claims Lattimore advocated killing Hirohito, 447

McGranery, James P., 392 , 398 , 407 -11, 414 , 418 , 420 ;

appears before Senate Judiciary, 405 -6;

brings Cohn to Washington, 406 ;

orders Hummer to get Lattimore indictment by December 25, 1952, 411 ;

takes grand jury presentation away from Cohn, 409

McGrath, J. Howard, 216 , 257 , 276 , 405

McGuire, Reverend Fred, 306 -7

McHugh, James, 55 , 56 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 89 , 96

McInerney, James, 142 , 234 , 238

MacKinnon, Janice and Stephen, 453

MacLeish, Archibald, 149

McLeod, Scott, 486

McMahon, Brien, 253 , 284

McMurray, Howard, 161

McNamara, Robert, 518

McWilliams, Carey, 610

Madison Capitol Times , 212

Madsen, Richard, 201

Magadan, 109 , 322 , 347

Magnuson, Warren, 316 , 395 , 399

Mainichi newspapers, 542 -43, 544 , 555 , 560

Making of Modern China , 103 , 322 , 542

Malcolm, Dugald, 514

Malim, Thomas, 340 , 543

Malin, Patrick M., 358

Malone, Ross, 532

Manchester Guardian , 412

Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict , 18 , 35

Mandel, Benjamin, 319 , 323 , 326 , 359 -60, 364 , 443 , 464

Mao Tse-tung, 134 , 139 , 166 , 194 , 198 , 372 , 466 , 585 ;

established People's Republic, 300 ;

Lattimore predicts role could be worse than Byzantium, 501 ;

refuses to see Lattimore in 1972, 556 ;

at Yenan, 32 -34

March, Frank, 101

Marder, Murray, 374

Marquis, Arnold, 103

Marshall, George, 56 , 71 , 84 , 90 , 139 , 150 , 219 , 287 , 394 , 427

Marshall Mission, 154 , 156 , 163

Marshall Plan, 164 -65, 175 -77

Marshall, S. L. A., 613

Martin, Bradley, 579

Martin, Joseph W., 160

Maryland Association for Democratic Rights, 102 , 340

Maryland Citizens Council, 185

Maryland Civil Liberties Committee, 52 -53, 102 , 130 , 185

Masaryk, Jan, 170

Massing, Hede, 334 , 394

Matsukata, Saburo, 542

Matthews, Francis P., 152 ;

U.S. as custodian of Holy Grail, 152

Matthews, J. B., 170 , 214 , 289 , 290 , 303 , 317 -18, 503 ;

conversation with Budenz, 271 -72;

taken in by Paul Walters, 241 -43

Matusow, Harvey, 382 -83, 450 , 485 ;

says Sokolsky brokered Cohn's appointment to prosecute Lattimore, 406

Maxwell, H. D., 144

May, Andrew, 236

May, Gary, 362 , 602

Melby, John F., 605

Menon, V. K. Krishna, 204 , 411

Menzie report, 359

Mere agrarian reformers myth, 283 -84, 294

Merrill Lynch, 516

Merse, 20

Messersmith, George S., 57

Michigan State University, 572

Miles, Milton M., 232 -35, 448 , 453 ;

accuses Lattimore of mistranslation, 232 ;

claims to have 13½tons of documents, 233 ;

repudiates early testimony, 234

Miller, Wilbur K., 459

Minusinsk museum, 111 -12

Minute Women of America, 309

Missionaries. See Protestant missions

Mitchell, Kate, 141

Modus vivendi proposal, 71 -74, 76

Molotov, Vyacheslav, 164 , 291

Mongolia Society, 553 , 566

Mongolian Academy of Sciences, xv , 503 , 506 , 523 , 526 -27, 534 , 580 , 581

Mongolian People's Republic (Outer Mongolia), 19 , 28 , 113 , 158 , 170 , 384 , 387 , 503 -4, 506 , 509 -10, 521 , 566 , 567 , 582 ;

American tourists in, 533 -34;

Buddhism in, 121 ;

celebrates anniversary of independence, 504 -5, 545 -47, 578 -80;

juvenile delinquency in, 573 ;

Texas big game hunters in, 534 ;

U.S. extends diplomatic recognition, 584

Mongols, 17 , 167 , 569 ;

exploited by Chinese, 11 -12

Mongols of Manchuria , 18 , 35 , 364 , 508

Montsame, 565 , 567

Moore, Harriet, 27 , 189 , 268 , 274

Moore, Mrs. Maurice T., 309

Moorhead, William S., xiii

Moos, Malcolm, 133 -35

Morgan, Edward P., 277 , 323

Morgan, William J., 465

Morris, Robert, 3 , 317 , 318 -19, 323 , 325 , 326 , 327 , 328 , 335 , 336 , 342 , 343 , 346 -51, 360 , 366 , 372 , 374 , 382 , 387 -88, 394 , 405 , 417 , 422 , 445 , 451 , 458 , 464 , 473 , 519 , 542

Moser, Brian, 565 -66

Moses, Mrs. Charles Clifton, 623

Moss, Norman, 519

Moss, Robert, 399

Mostaert, Reverend A., 439

Motylev, V. E., 28 , 30 , 36 , 49

Muller, Herbert, 483

Mundt, Karl, 161 , 253 , 317

Munich, 41 , 91

Murray, Charles, 407 -9

Murray, Robert K., 601

Murrow, Edward R., 220 , 393

N

Narobanchin monastery, 19 , 412

Nation , 128 , 129 , 312 , 412

National Academy of Sciences, 258

National Broadcasting Corporation, 103 , 129 , 190

National Catholic Welfare Conference, 153 , 402 , 419

National Council of Soviet-American Friendship, 152

National Geographic Magazine , 88 , 109 , 113

National Industrial Conference Board, 171

National Review , 399

National War College, 202 , 467

Nation's Business , 152

Natsagdorj, 503 , 570

Navasky, Victor, 365

Needham, Joseph, 515 , 576

Needham, Wesley, 512

Nef, Evelyn Stefansson, 39 , 518 , 520 , 528 , 529 , 530 , 588

Nef, John, 518 , 520 , 528

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 203 -4, 355

Nellor, Ed, 219

Nelson, John, 495

New China News Agency, 555

New Hampshire Congress of Parent-Teacher Organizations, 305

New Leader , 187 , 464 , 467

New Republic , 130 , 482 , 491 -92

New Statesman and Nation , 479

New York Herald-Tribune , 23 , 154 , 188 , 217 , 342 , 412

New York Journal-American , 245 , 273 -74, 288

New York Mirror , 262

New York Review of Books , 632

New York Sun , 270

New York Times , 49 , 50 , 59 , 281 , 410 , 412 , 513 ;

accuracy, 251 , 330 ;

and Budenz, 284 , 287 , 294 , 297 , 339 , 351 ;

coverage of testimony, 292 , 345 , 374 -75, 389 ;

and McCarran, 318 , 327 , 342 , 358 , 366 , 396 , 458 ;

and other newspapers, 318 , 333 ;

and Youngdahl, 445 , 478

New York World-Telegram , 173

Newman vs. U.S., Supreme Court, 88 -548, 621

Newsweek , 472

Nichols, Lou, 276 , 327 , 392 , 419 , 444 , 472

Niemeyer, Sir Otto, 81

The Nightmare Decade , 599

Nikishov, Ivan F., 109 -11

Nimitz, Chester, 105 , 327

Nitze, Paul, 235

Nixon, Richard, 160 , 183 , 211 , 310 , 480 , 502 , 504 , 543 , 547 , 552 , 553

No Ivory Tower , 441

Nomads and Commissars , 504 , 508 , 509 , 549

Nomura, Kishisaburo, 71

Norbu, Thubten Jigme. See Takster Lama

Norins, Martin, 258

North, Oliver, 618

North American Newspaper Alliance, 519

Novosibirsk, 536 , 539

Nyman, Ivar. See Bogolepov

O

O'Connor, Harvey, 489 , 500

O'Connor, James, 262

O'Conor, Herbert, 316 , 367 -69, 473

Office of Naval Intelligence, 98 , 228

Office of Naval Research, 197

Office of Strategic Services, 90 , 134 , 186 , 236

Office of War Information, 92 , 97 -106, 343 , 488

Okladnikov, Alexei P., 111 , 506 , 517 , 536 , 537 , 539 , 559 -60, 581

Olney, Warren III, 416 , 426 , 438 -39, 449 , 454 , 455 , 466 ;

admits SISS entrapment of Lattimore, 373 -74;

condemns Rover's affidavit of bias, 491 ;

reports FBI sanitizing its files, 450 ;

reviews Lattimore indictment, 421 -22;

says no economy should be used in prosecuting Lattimore, 466

Omaha, University of, 123

O'Mahoney, Joseph C., 426 , 430 -31, 457 , 460 , 462 , 482 , 492 ;

eloquence of defense, 432 ;

joins Lattimore legal team, 423 ;

wins election in Wyoming, 480

O'Mahoney manuscript, 35 , 92 , 94

One Who Survived , 186

Onon, Peter Urgunge, 159 , 192 , 412 , 504 , 524 , 526 , 534 , 544 , 549 , 570 ;

accompanies Lattimore m Japan anti MPR, 521 , 546 ;

accompanies Lattimore m Leeds, 510 ;

reads poem at Lattimore memorial service, 587 -88

O'Neill, William L., 131 -32

Oppenheimer, Robert, 552

Ordeal by Slander , 280 , 292 , 300 -302, 430 , 432 , 434

O'Reilly, Kenneth, 602

Osborne, Clay, 98 -100, 461 , 488 ;

steals OWI documents to implicate Lattimore, 98

Oshinsky, David M., 212 , 257

Oumansky, Constantine, 46 , 59 , 292 , 374 , 394 , 403 , 427 , 483

Our Ally China , 322

Our Neighbors in the Pacific , 450

Overseas News Agency (ONA), 154 , 194 , 259 , 466 , 498

Owens, Gwinn, 439

Owens, Hamilton, 250

Owens, John W., 379

Oxford University, 519

Oxford University Press, 508

P

Pacific Affairs , 22 , 39 -40, 59 , 126 , 434 ;

and China, 275 , 501 ;

and Japanese aggression, 28 , 42 ;

and Soviet Union, 27 , 28 , 330 , 372 , 388

Pacific Story , 103

Pacificus, 128 -29, 311 -12

Packer, Herbert, 335

Painter, Sidney, 495 , 496

Panchen Lama, 220 , 331 , 333

Panikkar, K. M., 204

Pankratov, B., 29 , 510

Parker, Philo, 397

Parsons, Talcott, 364

Parten, J. R., 144

Pauley, Edwin W., 139 -50, 223 , 235 , 280

Pauling, Linus, 610

Pawtucket, 583 -84

Payne, William N., Jr., 419

Pearl Harbor, 26 , 73 , 335

Pearson, Drew, 219 , 250

Pellet, Nathaniel, 168

Peglet, Westbrook, 214 , 302 , 317 -18

Peive, Y. V., 532

Peking and Tientsin Times , 7 , 22

Pennington, Lee, 211 -12

People's Republic of China, 281 , 311 , 354 , 394 , 501 , 507 , 517 , 543 ;

Gang of Four, 566 ;

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 210 , 523 , 552 , 556 , 566 , 578 , 579 ;

hostility toward Soviet Union, 556 , 558 , 559 , 578 ;

recognition of, 290

Pepper, Claude, 268

Pepper, Suzanne, 602

Peress, Irving, 457

Peterson, Pete, 314

Pew, Joseph N., 425

Philbrick, Herbert, 394 , 449

Phleger, Herman, 486

Phoenix Fire Insurance Company, 496

Piel, Eleanor Jackson, 533

Piel, Gerard, 533 , 534 , 540 , 551 , 577 , 585 , 588

Pincher, Chapman, 602

Pittman, Von, 315 , 613

Pittsburgh, University of, 572 , 574

Plain Talk , 183 , 268

Point Barrow trip, 194 , 223

Political Pilgrims , 598

Politics of Fear , 213 , 301

Politics of Loyalty , 398 -99

Polsby, Nelson, 212

Poppe, Nicholas, 363 -65, 397 , 407 , 466 -71, 473 . See also BDPT

Porter, Catherine, 434

Porter, Paul, 253 , 423

Powell, Enoch, 522 , 631

Powell, J. B., 131 -32

Pratt, Sir John, 356

Prettyman, E. Barrett, 458

Protestant Missions, ix , 200 -201

Proxmire, William, 554

Public Citizen Litigation Group, 621

Q

Questar Corporation, 534

R

Radosh, Ronald, 141 -42, 624

Rankin, John, 153 , 160

Rayburn, Sam, 480

Reader's Digest , 131 -33, 143 , 149 , 151 , 152 , 171 -72, 186 , 220 , 322 -23, 470

Reagan, Ronald, 183

Red Star Over China , 31 , 531

Reece, B. Carroll, 160

Rees, Edward, 153

Reeves, Thomas, 212 , 280 , 317

Reischauer, Edwin, 587

Reminiscences , 365

Reporter , 336

Republican Party, 153 ;

"Asia First" wing, 198 , 207 , 301 , 321 , 497 ;

attacks Kennedy administration for letting Lattimore go to Mongolia, 507 ;

"soft on communism" slogan against Democrats, 209 , 309 ;

use of China issue, 184 , 406

Reston, James, 182 , 351 , 521 , 551

Reuters, 217 , 557

Rhee, Syngman, 298

Richards, I. A., 24 , 439

Richardson, Inez, 103

Richardson, Wayne, 389

Riesman, David, 483

Riley, Thomas J., 303

Riznik, Charlotte, 97 , 532 , 533 , 539 , 540

Road to Pearl Harbor , 594

Robinson, Joan, 515 , 576

Roche, Owen, 197

Rockefeller Foundation, 204

Roerich, Nicholas, 248

Rogers, Suki (Mrs. William D.), 518 , 524 , 529 , 533 , 540

Rogers, William D., 425 , 436 , 442 , 488 , 489 , 502 , 518 , 522 , 524 , 529 , 533 , 535 , 540 , 542 , 555 , 565 , 572 ;

bears major burden of preparing Lattimore defense, 424

Rogers, William P., 419 , 480

Rogin, Michael Paul, 301

Romm, Vladimir, 30

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 440

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 55 -58, 60 , 63 , 66 , 83 , 93 , 107 , 108 , 123 , 128 , 314 , 315 , 348 , 349 , 427 , 476

Rorty, James, 365 , 399

Rosenberg, Anna, 219

Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 300 , 321 , 435 , 444

Rosenberg, Trudy, 452 , 453

Rosinger, Lawrence, 335 , 344

Rostow, Walter W., 547

Roth, Andrew, 133 , 141 , 149 , 189 , 239 , 278 , 295

Rover, Leo, 423 , 426 , 428 , 429 , 431 , 433 , 444 , 445 , 446 , 448 , 450 , 455 , 456 , 460 , 461 , 464 , 465 , 466 , 474 , 479 , 481 , 483 , 485 , 486 , 487 , 489 , 490 ;

accepts direction of Lattimore prosecution, 421 ;

acknowledges defective indictment, 422 ;

appeals Youngdahl rulings, 442 ;

files affidavit of bias against Youngdahl, 476 -78;

prejudicial tactics of, 432 , 463 ;

seeks second indictment, 460 -62, 468 ;

wants to blackmail witness, 445 ;

wants to call Chiang Kai-shek as witness, 448

Rovere, Richard, 483

Rowe, David Nelson, 407 ;

alarmed at Lattimore travel to Mongolia, 508 ;

approves of colonialism, 384 ;

deprecates Chinese nationalism, 384 ;

says Lattimore principal American agent of Stalinism, 385

Royal Central Asian Society, 16 , 354 , 412 , 576

Royal Geographical Society, 16 , 354 , 576

Royal Italian Geographical Society, 13

Rushmore, Howard, 214 , 261 , 273 -74

Rusk, Dean, 518

Rutgers University, 574

S

Sacher, Harry, 269

Salisbury, Lawrence, 194

Salisbury, Harrison, 166 , 592 , 630

Salmen, Stanley, 253

Sambuu, 505 , 571 -72, 573

San Francisco Chronicle , 59

Sansom, Sir George, 488

Santo hearing (In the matter of Desideriu Hammer, alias John Santo), 269 -70

Santora, Philip, 262

Saturday Evening Post , 171 , 347

Sayre, Francis, 215

Schaller, Michael, 56 -57

Scheidt, Edward, 220 , 228 , 243 , 271 , 273 , 275 , 278 , 280 , 289 -90

Schine, G. David, 429 , 435

Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 259 , 483

Schonberger, Howard, 616

Schram, Reverend Louis M. J., 310 , 412 , 439

Schrecker, Ellen, 441

Schulzinger, Robert D., 49

Schumpeter, Elizabeth Boody, 30 , 42 , 46 , 149 , 185 , 325 , 450

Scientific American , 534 , 540 , 571 , 582

Scripps-Howard papers, 256 , 302 , 318 , 390 , 462

Seagrave, Sterling, 95

Seattle Daily Times , 393

Seattle Post-Intelligencer , 392

Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 85

Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (SISS), 3 , 118 , 318 , 323 , 325 , 340 , 346 , 347 -51, 357 , 359 , 361 , 365 , 380 , 428 , 433 , 482 , 508 , 554 , 586 ;

accepts hearsay from friendly witnesses, 337 , 372 ;

calls Lattimore Soviet "instrument," 396 ;

chastised by U.S. District Court minority, 459 ;

entrapment of Lattimore, 280 , 373 -74;

fairness questioned, 358 ;

harassment of IPR witnesses, 346 , 350 , 367 -70, 372 -74;

issues IPR report, 394 -99;

members reluctant to appear before grand jury, 473 ;

pressures Justice Department on Lattimore, 408 ;

recommends indictment of Lattimore, Davies, 396 ;

refuses right of counsel to intervene, 367 -68;

refuses right of cross-examination, 358 ;

report publicized by John T. Flynn, 433

Senate Judiciary Committee, 314 , 318 , 358 , 405 , 417 ;

approval vote on IPR report, 395

Sentnet, David, 392

Service, John Stewart, 24 , 133 , 135 , 141 , 145 , 150 , 213 , 222 , 250 , 295 , 319 , 320 , 355 , 362 , 394 , 453 , 570 , 579

Shaffer, Wilson, 438

Shanahan, Carmac, 143

Shaw, Bruno, 190 , 519

Sheen, Monsignor Fulton, 154 , 266 , 280 , 307

Shelton, Cornell, 95

Shewmaker, Kenneth, 294

Shipley, Ruth, 355 , 443 , 485 -86

Shirendyb, Bagaryn, xv , 526 , 534 , 535 , 546 , 564 , 581

Shirer, William L., 196

Short, Dewey, 321

Siepman, Charles, 145 , 189

Simmons, Robert, 612

Simpson, Christopher, 618

Sino-Soviet conflict, 18 , 147 , 155 , 166 , 519

Sinor, Dennis, 540

Sirgiovanni, George, 601

Situation in Asia , 194 , 202 , 323

Sixth Amendment, 436 , 447 , 464 , 484

Slansky, Rudolph, 453

Sinealley, Agnes, 23 , 122 , 183 , 401

Smith, Horace, 113

Smith, H. Alexander, 213

Smith, James B., 305

Smith, Margaret Chase, 298

Smith, Neil, 438

Smith, Walter Bedell, 393

Smith, Willis, 316 , 326 , 349 -51, 375 -77;

browbeats Lattimore, 370 -72;

compares SISS hearings to grand jury, 366 ;

goes to Paris to interrogate Bogolepov, 386

Snow, Edgar, 24 , 31 , 36 , 55 , 132 , 145 , 267 , 517 ;

carries message from Chinese to Lattimore, 540 ;

disclaims role as Chinese Communist spokesman, 531 -32

Snow, Lois, 573

Sobeloff, Simon, 460 , 461 , 485 , 489

Sokolsky, George, 142 , 214 , 317 , 466 , 407 -8;

brokers Cohn appointment to Lattimore prosecution team, 406 ;

claims Mongolia becoming world power, 652

Solution in Asia , 123 -25, 246 ;

BDPT analysis, 470 ;

as pro-Communist, 131 , 143 , 150 , 187 , 364 , 382 , 467

Soizhenitsyn, Alexander, 109

Soong Dynasty , 95

Soong, T.V., 56 , 58 , 59 , 72 , 77 , 84 , 114 , 233

Sorbonne, 501 , 553

Sorge spy ring, 183 , 228 -31, 295 , 304 , 320 , 335

Sourwine, Julien (Jay), 319 , 323 , 326 , 343 , 348 , 349 , 350 , 361 -62, 369 , 375 , 392 , 404 , 419 , 482 , 502 , 503

South Manchurian Railway Company, 45 -46

Southard, Ordway, 302 -3, 308

Soviet Asia Mission , 109 , 112 , 348

Soviet Russia and the Far East , 467

Soviet Union, 175 ;

Academy of Sciences, 27 , 29 , 363 , 523 , 525 , 532 , 581 ;

hides gulag from Wallace Mission, 109 ;

hostility toward Lattimore, 28 , 30 , 103 ;

and Institute of Pacific Relations, 27 -30, 36 , 37 ;

invades Czechoslovakia, 523 -24

Spanel, A. N., 302

Spellman, John Cardinal, 154

Spence, Jonathan, 591

Spencer, Mark, 582

Spengler, Oswald, 20

Sperber, A. M., 620

The Spike , 399

Spring, David, 624 , 629 , 630

Sproul, Robert Gordon, 397

Stachel, Jack, 282 , 284 , 294 , 338 , 429

Staley, Eugene, 597

Stalin, 67 , 108 , 157 , 298 , 311 , 466 , 499 ;

purge trials, 39 -40, 131

Stark, Harold, 71

Stassen, Harold, 202 , 344 -45, 376 , 434 ;

slighted in IPR report, 397

State Department. See Department of State

Steelman, John, 285 -86

Steely, E. Newton, 101 , 340 , 407

Stefansson, Evelyn, 39 , 302 -3, 308 , 512 . See also Nef, Evelyn

Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 39 , 302 -3, 308 , 338 , 457 , 510 ;

compares McCarthyism to Salem witch hunts, 303

Stein, Gunther, 183 , 194

Stein, Sol, 483

Steinberg, Alfred, 314

Stephens, Harold, 460

Stevens, Robert, 457

Stevenson, Adlai, 220

Stewart, Maxwell S., 126

Stilwell, Joseph, 24 , 84 , 89 , 93 , 117 -18, 223 , 319 , 341 , 349 , 394

Stimson, Henry, 55 , 71 , 72

Stoddard Farm, sale of, 302 -3

Stolberg, Benjamin, 171

Stone, I. F., 129 , 259 , 312

Storry, G. R., 332

Stotler, Thomas, 317

Straight, Michael, 482

Strategic Bombing Survey, 235 -36, 312

Strong, Anna Louise, 24

Stuart, John Leighton, 155 -56, 200 -201

Studies in Frontier History , 501

Stueck, William, 298

Sub Rosa: The CIA and the Uses of Intelligence , 389

Subversive Activities Control Board, 336 , 382 , 435

Sullivan, William C., 490 -91

Sun, Ching-ling Soong (Madame Sun Yat-sen), 82 , 320 , 362 , 523

Sun Fo, 99 , 488

Sun Yat-sen, 4 , 29

Surine, Donald, 219 -21, 225 -26, 227 , 238 -40, 317 , 318 , 319 , 326 , 360 , 433 , 443 , 444 , 453 , 460 ;

confronts FBI agents in New York, 244 ;

fired by J. Edgar Hoover, 219 ;

in Maryland election, 220 , 310 ;

involved in the Paul Walters fiasco, 241 -45

Suslov, Mikhail A., 505

Swanberg, W. A., 604

Swisher, Carl B., 440 -41, 496

Syngman Rhee, 203 , 208

T

Taft, Robert, 213

Tai Li, 63 , 117 , 232 -33, 448

Takster Lama (Thubten Jigme Norbu), 352 -54

Tanner, William R., 613

Tansill, Charles Callin, 73

Taracouzio, Timothy, 466 -71. See also BDPT

Tavenner, Frank, 228

Taylor, George E., 99 , 247 , 335 , 364 , 407

Taylor, Maxwell, 518

Te Wang, 20 , 384

Theoharis, Athan, 606

Thielens, Wagner, 441

This Is My Story , 193 , 266 , 268

Thomas, J. Parnell, 160 -61

Thomas, John N., 26 , 328

Thompson, Kenneth, 597

Thomson, Charles A. H., 465

Thorne, Christopher, 596

Thorpe, Elliott R., 149 , 280

Tibet, 193 , 203 , 210 , 352 -54, 411

Tikhvinskii, S. L., 503 , 523

Time , 152 , 224 , 396

Times (London), 32 , 33 , 539

Tobey, Charles, 223 , 253

Toland, John, 73

Tolson, Clyde, 3 , 129 , 130

Tolstoy, Illia, 90

Tompkins, William F., 455 , 456 , 468 , 485 , 486 -87, 489

Tong, Hollington, 100 , 456

Town Meeting of the Air , 177

Toynbee, Arnold, 415 , 439 , 525 , 540

Trachtenberg, Alexander, 26

Travis, Mrs. William E., 305

Trohan, Walter, 144 , 214 , 299

Troster, Sidney, 236 -37

Trotsky, Leon, 240 -41

Troxell, Edward, 487 , 489

Truman, Harry S., 123 , 136 -37, 143 , 150 , 153 , 161 , 163 , 164 , 199 , 295 , 298 , 311 , 405 -06, 430 , 476 ;

advises attorney general against indicting Lattimore, 398 ;

announces disengagement from China, 207 ;

asks FBI for Lattimore file, 216 ;

fires MacArthur, 321 ;

issues Executive Order 9835, 171 -72;

vetoes McCarran Act, 308 -9

Tsedenbal, 527

Tu Fu, 579

Tuchman, Barbara, 89 , 107 , 380

Tung Pi-wu, 288

Turkestan Reunion , 13

Tuva, 538 -39

Twentieth Century , 399

Two Years in Revolutionary China , 592

Tydings, Millard, 214 , 249 , 253 , 257 , 261 , 276 , 284 , 292 , 294 , 297

Tydings Committee, 215 , 216 , 253 -56, 274 , 275 , 278 , 280 , 281 , 298 -89, 304 , 305 , 323 , 366 ;

report calls McCarthy charges a fraud and a hoax, 300

U

Ulan Ude, 535 , 569

Ulmen, G. L., 395

United Nations, 123 , 209 , 508 ;

Cohn's runaway grand jury presentment on, 411

United Press (later United Press International), 213 , 480 , 485 , 519 , 575

U.S. Army, 186 , 228 , 360 , 386 , 446 ;

FBI searches records at Ft. Holabird, 456

U.S. Bureau of Customs, 390

U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 152 -53

U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, 554

U.S. Court of Appeals, 442 , 447 , 456 , 488 ;

upholds Youngdahl, 458 , 489

U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, 426 , 430 , 459 , 478

U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, 502

U.S. Internal Revenue Service, 502 -03

U.S. News and World Report , 360

U.S. Supreme Court, 435 , 442 , 460 , 489

Utley, Freda, 29 , 30 , 219 , 223 , 225 , 265 , 293 , 294 , 314 , 371 , 400 , 407 , 440 , 464 ;

picks up rumor that Lattimore is Russian orphan, 327 ;

says Chinese subservient to Russians, 292 ;

seeks aid from Lattimore, 46 ;

testimony to Tydings committee, 291 -92

V

Value Line , 497 -98, 516 , 520

Vandenberg, Arthur, 175 , 184

van Kleeck, Mary, 39 -40

Varg, Paul, 604

Veterans of Foreign Wars, 152 , 305

Vincent, John Carter, 90 , 135 , 139 , 140 , 173 , 220 , 235 , 319 , 325 , 339 , 341 , 348 , 380 , 396 , 413 , 417 , 561 ;

at Kunming conference, 117 -18, 349 ;

fired by Dulles, 435 ;

recommends Lattimore for Department of State job, 139 ;

testifies to SISS, 361 -63;

on Wallace Mission, 108 , 114

Virginia Quarterly Review , 44 -45.

Vishnyakova-Akimova, Vera, 592

Vlassov, Andrei, 386

Vogel, Ralph C., 359

Voice of America, 187 , 221

von Hoffman, Nicholas, 406

Votaw, Maurice, 453

Vreeland, Harold, 412

W

Wacks, J. F., 444 , 445 , 446 , 447 , 474

Wait, Richard, 377

Waldrop, Frank C., 159

Walker, Richard L., 464

Wall Street Journal , 516

Wallace, Henry A., 107 -122, 159 , 223 , 225 , 232 , 315 , 319 , 320 , 322 -23, 338 , 341 , 345 , 362 , 383 ;

appears before SISS, 346 -51;

as presidential candidate, 176 ;

explanation of Asia Mission, 107 -9;

volleyball mania, 117

Walsh, Reverend Edmund A., 311

Walter Hines Page School, 38 , 142 , 158 -59, 253 , 412 , 437 , 511

Walters, Paul, 241 -45

Wang Ching-wei, 94 , 100 , 101

Wang Shih-chieh, 233

Wang Yun-sheng, 180

Wannsee Institute, 364

War and Peace in Soviet Diplomacy , 467

Ward, Angus, 28

Ward, Paul, 391

Washington Book Shop, 340

Washington Daily News , 230

Washington Post , 336 , 341 , 398

Washington Times-Herald , 140 , 159 , 225

Washington, University of, 364

Watkins, Arthur, 213 , 316 , 364 -65, 369 , 377 , 384 , 385 , 405 -06, 436 , 473 , 586

Watts, Richard, 61

Wavell, Lord, 81 -82

Weckerling, John, 322

Wedemeyer, Albert, 118 , 168 , 341 , 349 , 362

Weil, Martin, 600

Weiner, Jon, 618

Weintraub, David, 405

Weissman, Steve, 617

Welch, Joseph, 460

Welch, Robert, 399

Welker, Herman, 342

Welles, Sumner, 60 , 63

Wellesley College, 309

Wendell, William G., 304

Westerfield, H. Bradford, 365 , 398

Weyl, Nathaniel, 324

Wheeler, Harvey, 438

Wheeler, W. E., II, 36

Whelan, W. M., 277 , 404 -5

Wherry, Kenneth, 213

White, Bill, 186 , 187 , 220

White, Francis, 495

White, Harry Dexter, 57 , 346

White, Ralph K., 465 , 613

White, Theodore, 288 , 604

White, William S., 292 , 330 , 345 , 356 , 358 , 480

"Who lost China" debate, ix , 131 , 301

Wickwire, Chester, 510

Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 397

Wiley, Alexander, 316

William, Maurice, 126

Williams, Edward Bennett, 426

Williams Drug Company, 248

Willkie, Wendell, 85 , 107 , 112 , 124 , 347

Willoughby, Charles A., 145 , 183 , 228 , 319 -20, 335 , 339 , 446

Winchell, Walter, 474

Wittfogel, Karl August, 24 -25, 334 -35, 344 , 403 , 407 , 453 , 576 ;

ridicules idea of a Sino-Soviet split, 335

Wohl, Paul, 52 , 67

Wulman, Abel, 600

Wolman, M. Gordon, 496

Wood, John S., 160

Woodhead, H. G. W., 7 , 13 , 22

Wright, Mary and Arthur, 415 -16

Y

Yale Club, 87

Yale Law School Forum, 359

Yardumian, Rose, 133

Yarnell, Harry, 58 , 127

Yenan in June 1937 , 32

Yenan visit, 31 , 335 , 339 , 372 , 444 , 458

Young, James R., 150

Youngdahl, Luther, 430 -33, 441 , 442 , 443 , 444 , 445 , 448 , 456 , 481 , 482 , 487 , 492 ;

dismisses part of first indictment, 435 -36;

dismisses second indictment, 483 -84;

faces affidavit of bias, 476 -78;

upheld by court of appeals, 458 , 489

Yu-pin, Paul, 67

Yui Ming, 100

Z

Zaibatsu, 145 , 148 , 179 , 327 , 338

Zlatkin, 525

1. FBI/OL, 3204.

2. This and other unattributed quotations derive from the author's conversations with Lattimore.

3. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan , 232.

4. O'Mahoney MS, 23.

5. Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History , 14.

6. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan 107, 40, 253.

7. Ibid., 149.

8. Ibid., 83.

9. Ibid., 86.

10. Ibid., 245.

6. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan 107, 40, 253.

7. Ibid., 149.

8. Ibid., 83.

9. Ibid., 86.

10. Ibid., 245.

6. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan 107, 40, 253.

7. Ibid., 149.

8. Ibid., 83.

9. Ibid., 86.

10. Ibid., 245.

6. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan 107, 40, 253.

7. Ibid., 149.

8. Ibid., 83.

9. Ibid., 86.

10. Ibid., 245.

6. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan 107, 40, 253.

7. Ibid., 149.

8. Ibid., 83.

9. Ibid., 86.

10. Ibid., 245.

11. Lattimore, High Tartary , 85.

12. O'Mahoney MS, 5.

13. Lattimore and Isono, Diluv Khutagt , 2.

14. Ibid., 3.

13. Lattimore and Isono, Diluv Khutagt , 2.

14. Ibid., 3.

15. Lattimore, High Tartary , 227.

16. The phrase "Slavic Manchukuo" implies that the Soviet Union had control over North China similar m that of Japan when it established the puppet state of Manchukuo.

17. Lattimore, High Tartary , 264. To the Mongols, the greatest threat was Chinese overpopulation and the expansion of Chinese farmers onto their grazing lands. The Russian population presented no such threat. For a full exposition of Lattimore's analysis of the extent to which Russian expansion under both czars and Communists incorporated Asian minorities rather than subjecting them, see Studies in Frontier History , 165-79.

18. The name of the Chinese capital, "Peking," was changed m "Peiping" in 1928, when the capital was moved south; in 1949 the Communist government restored "Peking," the name used throughout this book for convenience' sake.

19. O'Mahoney MS, 7-8.

20. Lattimore and Isono, Diluv Khutagt , 10.

21. Ibid., 10-11.

20. Lattimore and Isono, Diluv Khutagt , 10.

21. Ibid., 10-11.

22. Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History , 438.

23. Cotton, "Owen Lattimore and China," 255.

24. O'Mahoney MS, 11.

1. On the establishment and objectives of IPR, see Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , chap. 1. Information about Fred Field and Joseph Barnes comes from Thomas and from Betty Barnes to author, January 14, 1989.

2. Lattimore to Joseph Barnes, October 14, 1934.

3. Lattimore, "My Audience with Chingghis Khan."

4. O'Mahoney MS, 13.

5. Lattimore was well-informed about Japanese plans for China. Just before he left for the United States in 1937, he managed to get a series of interviews with knowledgeable Japanese both in Peking and in Tokyo during a stopover there. Those he talked to were Matsukata, Shimanouchi, Kuga, Sakatana, Mori, Sogo, Kishi, Saionji, Ushiba, and members of the Tokyo branch of the IPR. Several of those with whom he talked were close to Prince Konoye. Lattimore made extensive notes of these conversations, which survive in his personal files.

6. O'Mahoney MS, 6.

7. Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 12.

8. FBI/OL, 4183.

9. SISS/IPR, 5122.

10. Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 13.

11. O'Mahoney MS, 18.

12. FBI/OL, 2722.

13. SISS/IPR, 3319.

14. FBI/OL, 2722.

15. Ibid.

14. FBI/OL, 2722.

15. Ibid.

16. A good summary of Borodin's career is in Spence, China Helpers , chap. 7.

17. FBI/OL, 2722.

18. Ibid.

17. FBI/OL, 2722.

18. Ibid.

19.W. L. Holland and Kate Mitchell, eds., Problems of the Pacific, 1936 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936), is an extensive record of the conference.

20. Ibid., 91.

21. Ibid., 92.

19.W. L. Holland and Kate Mitchell, eds., Problems of the Pacific, 1936 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936), is an extensive record of the conference.

20. Ibid., 91.

21. Ibid., 92.

19.W. L. Holland and Kate Mitchell, eds., Problems of the Pacific, 1936 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936), is an extensive record of the conference.

20. Ibid., 91.

21. Ibid., 92.

22. For a brief account of the Sian Incident, see Clubb, Twentieth Century China , 202-9.

23. SISS/IPR, 3289.

24. Lattimore, foreword to Bisson, Yenan in June 1937, 8 .

25. Ibid., 16.

24. Lattimore, foreword to Bisson, Yenan in June 1937, 8 .

25. Ibid., 16.

26. For the 1950s controversy over this trip, see, inter alia, FBI/OL, 5341.

27. O'Mahoney MS, 30.

28. Lattimore, foreword to Bisson, Yenan in June 1937, 9 .

29. Lattimore, "Unpublished Report from Yenan." Also found as attachment to Frank P. Lockhart to Secretary of State, August 2, 1937, 893.00/14179, RG 59, NA.

30. Lattimore's batting average as a prophet was also enhanced by an article he wrote at the same time for the Saturday Evening Post , in which he predicted that the Chinese would rally effectively and ultimately frustrate Japanese advances. The conventional wisdom of the time was that the Japanese would cut through Chinese forces "like a knife through butter" when they attacked seriously. Lattimore's article had actually been set in print by the Saturday Evening Post before the Marco Polo Bridge incident; when the editors got word that Japan had launched a full-scale offensive, they pulled out the Lattimore article, thinking they were saving his reputation.

31. O'Mahoney MS, 9.

32. Ibid., 35.

31. O'Mahoney MS, 9.

32. Ibid., 35.

33. Lattimore, "On the Wickedness." For a perceptive analysis of the development of Lattimore's beliefs about the North China frontiers, see Cotton, "Owen Lattimore and China."

34. W. W. Wheeler II, letter to the editor, Pacific Affairs 11 (March 1938): 101-4.

35. Pacific Affairs 11 (March 1938): 106.

36. See discussion of this incident in SISS/IPR, 3433-46.

37. SISS/IPR, 1225.

1. Evelyn Stefansson Nef, introduction to Owen and Eleanor Lattimore, Silks, Spices, and Empire, x .

2. O'Mahoney MS, 36-37.

3. Van Kleeck, "The Moscow Trials," Pacific Affairs 11 (June 1938): 233-37. Pacific Affairs coverage of the purge trials, and IPR attitudes toward them, are discussed in SISS/IPR, 5149-68.

4. Chamberlain, "The Moscow Trials," Pacific Affairs 11 (September 1938): 367-70.

5. Pacific Affairs 11 (September 1938): 370-72.

6. The full story of Stalin's China operatives did not come out until 1971 with the publication of Vera Vishnyakova-Akimova's Two Years in Revolutionary China, 1925-1927 . The chief agent of this enterprise was the legendary Borodin, but there were dozens of others, all of whom fled China in 1927 when Chiang Kai-shek turned on the Communists. Stalin "lost" China in 1927. Vishnyakova-Akimova's tale is mainly a necrology. She identifies 148 Russians who took part in Stalin's great effort to capture the Chinese revolution. By the time she wrote, 43 of them were known dead or in prison camps, another thirty probably dead. See Salisbury, "Amerasia Papers," for a good comparison between Stalin's and America's efforts to influence China.

7. The writer who castigated Lattimore most fiercely was Sidney Hook, in "Lattimore on the Moscow Trials." For more recent and contrasting views, see Conquest, Great Terror , and Getty, Origins of the Great Purges .

8. Lattimore, "Can the Soviet Union Be Isolated?" Pacific Affairs 11 (December 1938): 492-93.

9. SISS/IPR, 3226.

10. Churchill, Second World War , 393-94.

11. Pacific Affairs 12 (Sept. 1939): 245-62.

12. Problems of the Pacific, 1939 (New York: IPR and Oxford University Press, 1940), v.

13. Ibid., 24-25.

12. Problems of the Pacific, 1939 (New York: IPR and Oxford University Press, 1940), v.

13. Ibid., 24-25.

1. Lattimore, "American Responsibilities."

2. Ibid., 161-62.

3. Ibid., 174, 165.

4. Ibid., 162, 164, 168. Ironically, this article was quoted selectively in 1950 to show that Lattimore was pro-Communist. Ironically again, it figured in the FBI search for evidence that Lattimore had been paid off by the Soviets. When the bureau began to investigate Lattimore's finances in an attempt to show that his net worth was more than could be accounted for by legitimate sources of income, they checked out every cent he had received for his articles. They discovered after some difficulty that VQR had paid Lattimore their standard rate of five dollars per page; he earned seventy dollars for this article. FBI/OL, 2023.

1. Lattimore, "American Responsibilities."

2. Ibid., 161-62.

3. Ibid., 174, 165.

4. Ibid., 162, 164, 168. Ironically, this article was quoted selectively in 1950 to show that Lattimore was pro-Communist. Ironically again, it figured in the FBI search for evidence that Lattimore had been paid off by the Soviets. When the bureau began to investigate Lattimore's finances in an attempt to show that his net worth was more than could be accounted for by legitimate sources of income, they checked out every cent he had received for his articles. They discovered after some difficulty that VQR had paid Lattimore their standard rate of five dollars per page; he earned seventy dollars for this article. FBI/OL, 2023.

1. Lattimore, "American Responsibilities."

2. Ibid., 161-62.

3. Ibid., 174, 165.

4. Ibid., 162, 164, 168. Ironically, this article was quoted selectively in 1950 to show that Lattimore was pro-Communist. Ironically again, it figured in the FBI search for evidence that Lattimore had been paid off by the Soviets. When the bureau began to investigate Lattimore's finances in an attempt to show that his net worth was more than could be accounted for by legitimate sources of income, they checked out every cent he had received for his articles. They discovered after some difficulty that VQR had paid Lattimore their standard rate of five dollars per page; he earned seventy dollars for this article. FBI/OL, 2023.

1. Lattimore, "American Responsibilities."

2. Ibid., 161-62.

3. Ibid., 174, 165.

4. Ibid., 162, 164, 168. Ironically, this article was quoted selectively in 1950 to show that Lattimore was pro-Communist. Ironically again, it figured in the FBI search for evidence that Lattimore had been paid off by the Soviets. When the bureau began to investigate Lattimore's finances in an attempt to show that his net worth was more than could be accounted for by legitimate sources of income, they checked out every cent he had received for his articles. They discovered after some difficulty that VQR had paid Lattimore their standard rate of five dollars per page; he earned seventy dollars for this article. FBI/OL, 2023.

5. FBI/OL, no serial number, 3. The document was transmitted from Dennis A. Flinn of the Department of State to J. Edgar Hoover under a cover letter of April 27, 1955.

6. Ibid., 14.

5. FBI/OL, no serial number, 3. The document was transmitted from Dennis A. Flinn of the Department of State to J. Edgar Hoover under a cover letter of April 27, 1955.

6. Ibid., 14.

7. FBI/OL, 6.

8. Tydings, 739, 740.

9. "Comment and Correspondence," Pacific Affairs 13 (June 1940): 196-97.

10. "As China Goes, So Goes Asia," Amerasia 4 (August 1940): 256.

11. Ibid., 255, 257.

10. "As China Goes, So Goes Asia," Amerasia 4 (August 1940): 256.

11. Ibid., 255, 257.

12. Memorandum for Discussion, Territorial Group, CFR October 5, 1940, CFR Archives.

13. Schulzinger, Wise Men , 66.

14. "The Soviet View of the Far East," Pacific Affairs 13 (December 1940): 446-52.

15. FBI/OL, 647.

16. Memorandum, "Possible Effects of an Agreement between Russia and Japan," Territorial Group, CFR, April 3, 1941, CFR Archives.

17. Lattimore, "Stalemate in China," 621-22, 624.

18. Lattimore, "America Has No Time to Lose," 161-62.

19. Memorandum, "The Chinese Communists, the Comintern, and the Russo-Japanese Neutrality Agreement," Territorial Group, CFR, May 6, 1941, CFR Archives.

20. Wohl, "American 'Geopolitical Masterhand.'"

21. FBI/OL, 1.

22. FBI/OL, 3.

23. "After Four Years," Pacific Affairs 14 (June 1941): 143.

24. Kristol, "Ordeal by Mendacity," 316.

1. Johnson to Secretary of State, October 24, 1941, FR 4:429.

2. Schaller, U.S. Crusade , 43-44. For another account of McHush's politics, see Tuchman, Stilwell , 338-40.

3. See the account in Schaller, U.S. Crusade , 46-54.

4.Ibid., 47.

3. See the account in Schaller, U.S. Crusade , 46-54.

4.Ibid., 47.

5.Currie to President Roosevelt, March 15, 1941, FR 4:81-95; and FBI/OL, 1936.

6. Schaller, U.S. Crusade , 50.

7. FBI/OL, 1936; see also Currie to Messersmith, April 1, 1941, Currie Papers. Box 1, Hoover Institution.

8. Currie did not remember who first recommended Lattimore; Lattimore heard the story from Gaus, whom he met at a Washington dinner party in the late 1940s.

9. Currie, Memorandum for the President, April 29, 1941, FDRL.

10. Bowman to Currie, May 2, 1941, FDRL; Yarnell to Currie, May 2, 1941, FDRL.

11. Currie, Memorandum for the President, May 6, 1941, FR 5:644; Roosevelt, Memorandum for the Secretary of State, May 19, 1941, FDRL.

12. Hull, Memorandum for the President, May 21, 1941, FR 5:648.

13. Secretary of State to Ambassador in China, May 29, 1941, FR 5:651; Ambassador in China to Secretary of State, June 2, 1941, FR 5:657; Currie, Memorandum for the President, June 5,1941, FDRL; FBI/OL, 5864.

14. Currie, Memorandum for the President, June 20, 1941, FDRL.

15. New York Times , June 29, 1941; FBI/OL, 4117.

16. FBI/OL, 1201.

17. McHugh to Curry, July 22, 1941, McHugh Papers, Cornell University Libraries.

18. SISS/IPR, 5253.

19. "Washington Seeks Chinese-Red Peace," New York Times , July 22, 1941.

20. McHugh to Currie, July 22, 1941, McHugh Papers.

21. Richard Watts, Jr., "China Stirred by Assignment of Lattimore," Baltimore Sun , August 24, 1941.

22. FBI/OL, 5864.

23. Ibid.

22. FBI/OL, 5864.

23. Ibid.

24. Cable to Lauchlin Currie from Owen Lattimore, August 2, 1941, FR 4:362; Lauchlin Currie to Acting Secretary of State, August 3, 1941, FR 4:361.

25. McHugh to Currie, August 3, 1941, McHugh Papers.

26. For an extensive discussion of the perversion of Tai Li's files during the inquisition, see Newman, "Clandestine."

27. SISS/IPR, 5254.

28. McHugh to Currie, August 25, 1941, McHugh Papers.

29. Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History , 20.

30. Lloyd E. Eastman, "Who Lost China?" 660.

31. Currie, Memorandum for the President, summarized in Roosevelt, Memorandum for the Secretary of State, August 30, 1941, FDRL.

32. Currie to Lattimore, September 18, 1941, LP.

33. Lattimore to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, October 13, 1941, LP.

34. Memorandum of conversation with Lung Yun, October 30, 1941, LP.

35. Lattimore to Currie, November 2, 1941, FR 5:747; "Defenders Ready, Lattimore Says," New York Times , November 4, 1941.

36. Wohl, "American 'Geopolitical Masterhand.'"

37. Omita (Lattimore's code name) to Currie, October 11, 1941, FDRL. The date on the FDRL copy of the cable is probably wrong. Lattimore's correspondence with Madame Chiang shows a November 11 date.

38. Memorandum of conversation with Bishop Paul Yu-pin, October 13, 1941, LP.

39. Memorandum of conversation with Tsang (Chang) Han-fu, November 11, 1941, LP.

40. Memorandum of conversation with Chou En-fu, November 24, 1941, LP.

41. Mayling Soong Chiang to Lattimore, September 12, 1941, LP.

42. Conversation with Gimo (Chiang Kai-shek), November 16, 1941, LP; Omita to Currie, November 14, 1941, FDRL.

43. Lattimore to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, November 13, 1941, LP.

44. Dinner with Generalissimo, November 14, 1941, LP.

45. Conversation with Gimo (Chiang Kai-shek), November 16, 1941, LP.

46. Currie, Memorandum for the President, November 21, 1941, FDRL.

47. Madame Chiang to Currie, November 29, 1941, Currie Papers.

48. This discussion leans heavily on Feis, Road to Pearl Harbor , chaps. 37-42.

49. Final draft of proposed "Modus Vivendi" with Japan, FR 4 (1941): 661-64.

50. Lattimore to Currie, November 25, 1941, FR 4: 652.

51. Winant to Secretary of State, November 26, 1941, FR 4: 665.

52. Secretary of State to Roosevelt, November 26, 1941, FR 4: 665-66.

53. Tansill, Back Door to War , 648-49; Greaves, "Secretary Knox and Pearl Harbor," 1271.

54. Toland, Infamy , 267.

55. McCarthy to Hickenlooper, June 28, 1950, Hickenlooper Papers, Foreign Relations, "Amerasia-McCarthy," Box 2, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library.

1. Memorandum, Recent Conversations with Generalissimo, November 30, 1941, LP.

2. Ibid.

1. Memorandum, Recent Conversations with Generalissimo, November 30, 1941, LP.

2. Ibid.

3. Omita (Lattimore) to Currie, November 27, 1941, FDRL.

4. Memorandum, Recent Conversations with Generalissimo, November 30, 1941, LP.

5. Mayling Soong Chiang to Lattimore, December 3, 1941, LP.

6. Memorandum, Generalissimo: Northeast China, December 4, 1941, LP.

7. Memorandum, Generalissimo: Counteracting Propaganda of Chinese Communists in U.S., December 4, 1941.

8. Memorandum, Generalissimo: Fundamental Question of the Pacific Area, December 4, 1941, LP.

9. Memorandum, Generalissimo: Economics, December 4, 1941, LP.

10. Memorandum, Generalissimo: Military, December 5, 1941, LP.

11. Memorandum, Generalissimo: December 5, 1941, LP.

12. McHugh to Currie, December 3, 1941, McHugh Papers.

13. Lattimore to Currie, December 9, 1941, FR 4: 738-39.

14. Omita to Currie, December 11, 1941, FDRL.

15. Untitled three-page memorandum with note at end, "Submitted through Madame, December 14, 1941. No Chinese translation," LP.

16. Omita to Currie, December 21, 1941, FDRL; see also the discussion of this loan in Tuchman, Stilwell , 251-52.

17. Aide Memoire, Submitted through Madame, December 21, 1941, LP.

18. Ibid.

17. Aide Memoire, Submitted through Madame, December 21, 1941, LP.

18. Ibid.

19. Omita to Currie, December 28, 1941, FDRL.

20. Omita to Currie, January 1, 1941 (error: should read 1942), FDRL; Omita to Currie, January 4, 1942, FDRL.

21. Omita to Currie, January 7, 1942, FDRL.

22. Chiang Kai-shek to President Roosevelt, January 12, 1942, FDRL.

23. FBI/OL, 5864.

24. Hamilton Owens, "Back from China, Lattimore High in Praise of Chiang's War Leadership," Baltimore Sun , February 9, 1942.

25. "Roosevelt Signs Chinese Loan Bill," New York Times, February 14, 1942.

26. FBI/OL, 5864.

27. Lattimore to Madame Chiang, February 16, 1942, LP.

28. Creighton Hill to Currie, February 25, 1942, LP.

29. Lattimore to Chiang Kai-shek, March 4, 1942, LP.

30. Memorandum, "Studies of American Interests in the War and the Peace," Territorial Group, CFR, March 18, 1942, CFR Archives.

31. Lattimore to Hollington Tong, March 15, 1942, LP.

32. FBI/OL, 1752.

33. Canadian Club Meeting No. 1 (Season of 1942-43), Chauteau Laurier, Ottawa, May 7, 1942, LP.

34. Currie to Roosevelt, May 15, 1942, FR , China, 46.

35. FBI/OL, 5864.

36. Lattimore, "How to Win the War," 15.

37. Ibid., 111.

36. Lattimore, "How to Win the War," 15.

37. Ibid., 111.

38. Tuchman, Stilwell .

39. Schaller, U.S. Crusade , 111.

40. Ibid., 111-13.

41. Ibid, 113-14.

39. Schaller, U.S. Crusade , 111.

40. Ibid., 111-13.

41. Ibid, 113-14.

39. Schaller, U.S. Crusade , 111.

40. Ibid., 111-13.

41. Ibid, 113-14.

42. FBI/OL, 3693. The McCarthyite charge that Lattimore "had an office in the Department of State" was entirely false. Currie's was an Executive Department office, located in the Old State Department Building, but it had no connection with State at that time.

43. "Conference with Dr. Owen Lattimore," June 10, 1942, Preston Goodfel-

low Papers, Box 3, Hoover Institution. In 1978 even so careful a scholar as Christopher Thorne misinterpreted this document to suggest that Lattimore thought that the Chinese Communists were not genuine ideologues. This was not what he thought at all; he knew well that Chu Teh's "Democratic regime" was a temporary tactical expedient. See Thorne, Allies of a Kind , 183.

44. Lattimore, Asia in a New World Order , 150, 161. A decade later this even-handed discussion triggered a bitter attack on Lattimore by isolationist-turned-McCarthyite John T. Flynn. In While You Slept and The Lattimore Story , Flynn outrageously distorts Lattimore's position, grossly misrepresenting Asia in a New World Order to paint Lattimore as a Kremlin agent.

45. "Tribute Is Accorded Chinese Army Deeds; Adviser to Chiang Urges U.S. to Send More Planes Quickly," New York Times , July 27, 1942.

46. Mayling Soong Chiang to Lattimore, August 5, 1942, LP.

47. O'Mahoney MS, 42.

48. Draft telegram for Generalissimo, no date, LP.

49. Roosevelt to Generalissimo, September 16, 1942, FDRL.

50. Clipping from unidentified newspaper, LP.

51. "New Front in China Seen," New York Times , October 24, 1942.

52. O'Mahoney MS 44. The five thousand dollar gift figured prominently in McCarran's SISS hearings. McCarran could not accept it as a genuine indication of Chiang's satisfaction with Lattimore's services; it had to be seen as routine.

53. H. H. K'ung to Lattimore, November 15, 1942, LP.

54. Seagrave, Soong Dynasty , 380-81; Schleit, Shelton's Barefoot Airlines , 21-24. There were adventures on this trip. Jeanette Kung had no money and borrowed nineteen hundred dollars from Lattimore to buy watches in Brazil. She repaid it when she got access to her father's U.S. accounts. FBI/OL, 3005.

55. "Lattimore Stresses We Must Win in China," New York Times , December 8, 1942.

56. War and Peace in the Pacific (New York: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1943), vi. McCarran's SISS made much of the fact that William W. Lockwood, IPR secretary, had solicited from Alger Hiss suggestions as to who should be invited to Mont Tremblant. Hiss obliged, suggesting Dean Acheson, Adolf Berle, Adlai Stevenson, and Harvey Bundy, among others. None of them attended; they were nonetheless damned by this recommendation. Those who did attend were also damned. Among the twenty-six American delegates were Philip Jessup, Frank Coe, Lauchlin Currie, Len De Caux, Fred Field, and Owen Lattimore.

57. Memorandum, "Studies of American Interests in the War and the Peace," Territorial Group, CFR, December 15, 1942, CFR Archives.

58. Draft of letter from Lattimore to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, no date, FR 1942, China 185-187.

59. Currie to Lattimore, December 28, 1942, LP.

60. Lattimore to Currie, January 1, 1943, LP.

1. Tape recording from Riznik, January 30, 1988.

2. FBI/OL, 6614.

3. American Mercury 46 (April 1939): 510.

4. FBI/OL, 6235.

5. FBI/OL, 6614.

6. FBI/OL, 6235, 6054.

7. FBI/OL, 6614; see the statements by Lattimore on Osborne, SISS/IPR, 3598.

8. FBI/OL, 6097, 6707.

9. FBI/OL, 908.

10. Tydings, 434.

11. Tong, Dateline: China , 213.

12. FBI/OL, 2943.

13. FBI/OL, 405, 1678.

14. FBI/OL, 3728.

15. FBI/OL, 2089.

16. Ibid. In this and subsequent FBI documents, copy censored by the FBI is indicated by a long dash.

15. FBI/OL, 2089.

16. Ibid. In this and subsequent FBI documents, copy censored by the FBI is indicated by a long dash.

17. Lattimore, "Yunnan, Pivot of Southeast Asia," 492; Memorandum, Mongolia and the Peace Settlement, Territorial Series, CFR, June 8, 1943, CFR Archives.

18. FBI/OL, 2732, 2948, 2984. In 1950, after McCarthy had fingered Lattimore as the "top Soviet spy," Upton Close, a right-wing radio commentator with experience in China started a campaign to prosecute Lattimore for scripts he allegedly wrote for "The Pacific Story" series. Close wrote Senators Tydings, Hickenlooper, and Lodge on May 3, 1950, urging them to subpoena scripts and call witnesses on this matter; Hickenlooper Papers. Close also contacted the FBI, who discovered that he was wrong about who wrote "Pacific Story" scripts.

19. Lattimore, America and Asia , 45.

20. "American Falsifiers on the Policy of the USA in Relation to the Chinese Revolution of 1925-1927," Voprosy Istorii (Moscow), April 1949; translation by FBI; FBI/OL, 1327.

21. Lattimore to Madame Chiang, March 30, 1943, LP.

22. Lattimore to Madame Chiang, April 20, 1943, LP.

23. One of the writers most concerned about the state of Kuomintang morale was T. A. Bisson, whose article "China's Part in a Coalition War" went much too far in labeling the Chinese Communists "democratic." Lattimore knew, and said, that they were genuine ideological Communists, however moderate their political program at any one time.

24. Lattimore to Currie, July 20, 1943, LP.

25. Studies of American Interests in the War and the Peace, Territorial Series, CFR, December 14, 1943, CFR Archives.

26. Colegrove's account: SISS/IPR, 912. Lattimore's account: SISS/IPR, 3577.

27. For Edwin O. Reischauer's response to Colegrove, see SISS/IPR, 4931. For Eugene Staley's response, see SISS/IPR, 5313-16. For Colegrove's operations as a "mind-guard" at Northwestern University, see Thompson, "Miller Center Discussions," 25-26; Cook, Nightmare Decade , 365, has a brief comment on Colegrove's support of McCarthy.

28. O'Mahoney MS, 45.

1. Sending "missionaries" or personal investigators was akin to Roosevelt's habit of having multiple intelligence sources; he could select from among a number of conflicting reports.

2. Hull, Memoirs , 1585-86; Wallace, Soviet Asia Mission , 17; Tuchman, Stilwell , 464.

3. Harriman, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin , 331.

4. Wallace, Soviet Asia Mission , 17-18.

5. Madame Chiang to Lattimore, April 28, 1944, LP.

6. Secretary of State to Ambassador in China (Gauss), May 23, 1944, FR , China, 228.

7. Lattimore, "New Road to Asia."

8. O'Mahoney MS, 46.

9. Wallace, Soviet Asia Mission , 33-34.

10. Yuri A. Rastvorov, "Red Fraud and Intrigue in Far East," 180. Rastvorov's claim that all stockades along the Wallace route had been torn down does not square with John Hazard's memory. As Wallace's translator, Hazard was in the lead car in the convoy and hence not handicapped by the dust swirling around the following cars. During the McCarthy years Lattimore asked Hazard if there had been any prison stockades visible near Magadan. Hazard replied," 'Oh yes, there were plenty of those, and when I asked the Russians what they were, they replied perfectly frankly that they were the stockades of prison camps.' The point is that he never told me on the trip. He was an extremely discreet man." Lattimore to author, January 11, 1982. What Hazard saw so dearly Wallace should also have seen, but not Lattimore.

11. Harriman, Special Envoy , 331.

12. Wallace, Soviet Asia Mission , 128-29.

13. J. R. Hildebrand to Lattimore, August 30, 1944, National Geographic Society Archives. The most reprehensible attack on Lattimore's National Geographic article came years after it was published, in Paul Hollander's misleading Political Pilgrims (1981). Hollander set out to show how certain intellectuals, alienated from Western society and seeking utopias, visited the Soviet Union, China, and other Communist nations as pilgrims visiting a shrine. Lattimore's trip with Wallace in 1944 met none of the criteria Hollander established for his pilgrims. It was at the wrong time: Hollander's pilgrims traveled to Russia in the 1930s. It was to Siberia, the wrong place: what "political pilgrim" went there? Lattimore went for the wrong reasons: he was not estranged from the United States but was a well-adjusted, practicing, enthusiastic capitalist. He went under the wrong auspices: he was not on a utopia-seeking tour but on an official mission sent by the president of the United States. Hollander betrays his total ignorance of Lattimore's beliefs as displayed in his extensive writings; Hollander gives evidence of having read only Lattimore's National Geographic article and a letter to the editor of the New Statesman in 1968. There are eight references in Hollander to Lattimore; the best that can be said of this work is that Hollander knew nothing about Lattimore's trip. Robert Conquest, who also frequently attacked Lattimore's account, at least knew what Lattimore was doing in Kolyma.

14. This and all subsequent quotations from Lattimore's diary are from the copy in the Lattimore Papers, Library of Congress.

15. Department of State, United States Relations with China , 551-54.

16. Ibid., 554.

15. Department of State, United States Relations with China , 551-54.

16. Ibid., 554.

17. Seagrave, Soong Dynasty , 293.

18. May, China Scapegoat , 83.

19. On the Kunming events, see May, China Scapegoat , 105-7; Merrell to Secretary of State, June 28, 1944, FR , China, 235-37; SISS/IPR, 1403-89, 1809-16.

20. See the Alsop account in "Strange Case."

21. See Tuchman, Stilwell , 89.

1. Graebner, New Isolationism , 27.

2. Lattimore, Solution in Asia , 12, 82-85, 99-100, 104-7, 122.

3. Ibid., 121, 120.

4. Ibid., 140, 139, 152-53, 173.

5. Ibid., 158.

6. Ibid., 191, 196, 197. When Lattimore was indicted in 1954 for following the Communist party line in his writings, the displaced and embittered foreign service officer Joseph W. Ballantine "analyzed" Lattimore's writings. Solution , said Ballantine, "goes 100 percent along the line of the Communist solution in Asia"; Ballantine Oral History, Columbia University Libraries, 216. The official Justice Department-sponsored analysis of Lattimore's writings in which Ballantine was involved, was equally mendacious; Solution was cited as Communist-lining in seventy-one places, but none of Lattimore's extensive argument for free enterprise, and for outflanking the Russians, was acknowledged. See chap. 26.

2. Lattimore, Solution in Asia , 12, 82-85, 99-100, 104-7, 122.

3. Ibid., 121, 120.

4. Ibid., 140, 139, 152-53, 173.

5. Ibid., 158.

6. Ibid., 191, 196, 197. When Lattimore was indicted in 1954 for following the Communist party line in his writings, the displaced and embittered foreign service officer Joseph W. Ballantine "analyzed" Lattimore's writings. Solution , said Ballantine, "goes 100 percent along the line of the Communist solution in Asia"; Ballantine Oral History, Columbia University Libraries, 216. The official Justice Department-sponsored analysis of Lattimore's writings in which Ballantine was involved, was equally mendacious; Solution was cited as Communist-lining in seventy-one places, but none of Lattimore's extensive argument for free enterprise, and for outflanking the Russians, was acknowledged. See chap. 26.

2. Lattimore, Solution in Asia , 12, 82-85, 99-100, 104-7, 122.

3. Ibid., 121, 120.

4. Ibid., 140, 139, 152-53, 173.

5. Ibid., 158.

6. Ibid., 191, 196, 197. When Lattimore was indicted in 1954 for following the Communist party line in his writings, the displaced and embittered foreign service officer Joseph W. Ballantine "analyzed" Lattimore's writings. Solution , said Ballantine, "goes 100 percent along the line of the Communist solution in Asia"; Ballantine Oral History, Columbia University Libraries, 216. The official Justice Department-sponsored analysis of Lattimore's writings in which Ballantine was involved, was equally mendacious; Solution was cited as Communist-lining in seventy-one places, but none of Lattimore's extensive argument for free enterprise, and for outflanking the Russians, was acknowledged. See chap. 26.

2. Lattimore, Solution in Asia , 12, 82-85, 99-100, 104-7, 122.

3. Ibid., 121, 120.

4. Ibid., 140, 139, 152-53, 173.

5. Ibid., 158.

6. Ibid., 191, 196, 197. When Lattimore was indicted in 1954 for following the Communist party line in his writings, the displaced and embittered foreign service officer Joseph W. Ballantine "analyzed" Lattimore's writings. Solution , said Ballantine, "goes 100 percent along the line of the Communist solution in Asia"; Ballantine Oral History, Columbia University Libraries, 216. The official Justice Department-sponsored analysis of Lattimore's writings in which Ballantine was involved, was equally mendacious; Solution was cited as Communist-lining in seventy-one places, but none of Lattimore's extensive argument for free enterprise, and for outflanking the Russians, was acknowledged. See chap. 26.

2. Lattimore, Solution in Asia , 12, 82-85, 99-100, 104-7, 122.

3. Ibid., 121, 120.

4. Ibid., 140, 139, 152-53, 173.

5. Ibid., 158.

6. Ibid., 191, 196, 197. When Lattimore was indicted in 1954 for following the Communist party line in his writings, the displaced and embittered foreign service officer Joseph W. Ballantine "analyzed" Lattimore's writings. Solution , said Ballantine, "goes 100 percent along the line of the Communist solution in Asia"; Ballantine Oral History, Columbia University Libraries, 216. The official Justice Department-sponsored analysis of Lattimore's writings in which Ballantine was involved, was equally mendacious; Solution was cited as Communist-lining in seventy-one places, but none of Lattimore's extensive argument for free enterprise, and for outflanking the Russians, was acknowledged. See chap. 26.

7. Lattimore, Solution in Asia , AMS edition, i-vi.

8. Keeley, China Lobby Man, 67 .

9. Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 41.

10. Keeley, China Lobby Man , 314.

11. Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 41.

12. Security in the Pacific (New York: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1945).

13. SISS/IPR, 994.

14. SISS/IPR, 991-92.

15. Pacificus, "Dangerous Experts," Nation 160 (February 3, 1945): 128.

16. FBI/OL, 1683; SISS/IPR, 703-54.

17. I. F. Stone, "Pearl Harbor Diplomats," Nation 161 (July 14, 1945): 25-27. An accurate account of Grew's resignation is in Heinrichs, American Ambassador , 380.

18. FBI/OL, 5.

19. Lattimore, "International Chess Game," 732.

20. Ibid., 733.

19. Lattimore, "International Chess Game," 732.

20. Ibid., 733.

21. Keeley, China Lobby Man , 87. Eastman also sought material from Freda Utley. A copy of the Eastman-Powell Reader's Digest article ("The Fate of the World") in Utley's papers at the Hoover Institution has "written by Freda Utley" on the cover page, and attached is what appears to be Utley's manuscript as submitted to Eastman. Some of the Utley manuscript does appear in the Digest article, but it also contains material not in her draft. When Utley published The China Story in 1951, she mentioned the Eastman-Powell article but did not hint at her part in it; China Story , 148.

22. O'Neill, Last Romantic , xvii.

23. Eastman and Powell, "The Fate of the World."

24. O'Neill, Last Romantic , 227.

25. SISS/IPR, 3353.

26. This account is taken from Latham, Communist Controversy in Washington , 203-16; Service, Amerasia Papers ; Tydings, 431; Congressional Record , March 30, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., 4375-98.

27. Moos affidavit, April 5, 1950, LP; Tydings, 431. Innocent as Moos's participation in the Ruxton picnic was, his casual acquaintance with Lattimore, Service, and Roth may have cost him the presidency of the University of Maryland. An FBI memo of February 16, 1954, from Lee Pennington to D. M. Ladd, notes

that while Moos was being considered for the job, he was "tied up with Lattimore and the subversive group of professors at Johns Hopkins University"; FBI/OL, 5549. This handicap did not, however, prevent Moos from serving with distinction as one of President Eisenhower's speechwriters and later as president of the University of Minnesota.

28. FBI/OL, 1189, 544.

29. Author interview with Abel Wolman, February 13, 1984.

30. Well, Pretty Good Club , 216.

31. SISS/IPR, 3087.

32. SISS/IPR, 3387.

33. SISS/IPR, 3388.

34. Ibid.

33. SISS/IPR, 3388.

34. Ibid.

35. New York Times , August 6, 1945.

36. Ibid.; Ballantine Oral History, 218.

35. New York Times , August 6, 1945.

36. Ibid.; Ballantine Oral History, 218.

37. Byrnes, All in One Lifetime , 310.

1. Alfred Kohlberg sarcastically claimed that he was the China lobby, but common usage of the phrase included many others. Politicians, journalists, businessmen, retired generals and admirals, a handful of professors, and employees of the Nationalist government all worked for the same ends: continued recognition of and aid to Chiang Kai-shek and opposition to admission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations. See Ascoli, "China Lobby"; Bachrack, Committee of One Million ; and Koen, China Lobby .

2. Klehr and Radosh, "Anatomy of a Fix," 20.

3. Latham, Communist Controversy in Washington , 213.

4. Ibid., 214. Many commentators on Amerasia fail to realize how illegal entries by the OSS and the FBI vitiated the government case. A comprehensive description of the legal issues involved appears in Heald and Tyler, "Legal Principle."

3. Latham, Communist Controversy in Washington , 213.

4. Ibid., 214. Many commentators on Amerasia fail to realize how illegal entries by the OSS and the FBI vitiated the government case. A comprehensive description of the legal issues involved appears in Heald and Tyler, "Legal Principle."

5. The text of Sokolsky's broadcast was recorded by Chinese Nationalist officials; a transcript is in the Wellington Koo Papers, Columbia University. For an analysis of Sokolsky's character and ideological track record, see Cohen, Chinese Connection .

6. Kohlberg, "Owen Lattimore."

7. Lattimore, "Reply to Kohlberg," 15.

8. Shanahan, "False Solution," 22.

9. FBI/OL, 5768.

10. FBI/OL, 5518.

11. A chronology of the mission is in Report on Japanese Reparations to the President of the United States , Box 21, Records of the U.S. Mission on Reparations, RG 59, NA (hereafter cited as Pauley Mission Records).

12. Lattimore to Maxwell, November 6, 1945, Pauley Mission Records.

13. Ibid.

12. Lattimore to Maxwell, November 6, 1945, Pauley Mission Records.

13. Ibid.

14. See the account of the Pauley mission in Schaller, American Occupation of Japan , 33-38.

15. Presentation of Interim Program and Policy to FEC Committee Jan. 12, 1946 , Pauley Mission Records.

16. FBI/OL, 5768.

17. Ibid. We do not know whether Coons answered Lattimore. When the FBI interviewed Coons in 1950, he stated that "when he was first requested m serve on the mission he refused to do so because he learned that he would have to work under OWEN LATTIMORE ." Coons had met Lattimore at the Hot Springs IPR conference and found him a "domineering character"; FBI/OL, 835. By 1950 he thought Lattimore pro-Communist.

16. FBI/OL, 5768.

17. Ibid. We do not know whether Coons answered Lattimore. When the FBI interviewed Coons in 1950, he stated that "when he was first requested m serve on the mission he refused to do so because he learned that he would have to work under OWEN LATTIMORE ." Coons had met Lattimore at the Hot Springs IPR conference and found him a "domineering character"; FBI/OL, 835. By 1950 he thought Lattimore pro-Communist.

18. FBI/OL, 835.

19. Lattimore to Pauley, November 28, 1945. Pauley Mission Records.

20. FBI/OL, 5768. This memorandum should also be in the Pauley Mission Records, but I did not find it when I searched those records.

21. FBI/OL serial numbers 227, 236, 246, 253, 295, 322, 402, 412, 432, 462, 744, 829, 835, 886, 912, 944, 963, 978, 1098, 1132, 1292, 1592, 1631, 1925, 2625, 2740, 2985, and 6074 report interviews about Lattimore with members of the Pauley mission.

22. See note 11 above.

23. Schaller, American Occupation of Japan , chap. 2, gives a good description of the attempt of the occupation to destroy the cartels.

24. Tydings, 558-68.

25. FBI/OL, 2619.

26. See Willoughby to Bonner Fellers, November 23, 1949, de Toledano Papers, Box 5, Hoover Institution. Willoughby hoped to achieve fame as author of the first book on the Sorge spy ring; when this work brought him small reward, he went to Spain to work for Francisco Franco. On Willoughby's attempt to smear John K. Emmerson, see Emmerson's Japanese Thread , 312-13, 324-25. For an extended analysis of Willoughby's activities, see Bowen, Innocence Is Not Enough , esp. chap. 6.

27. FBI/OL, 7.

28. James R. Young to P. Stewart Macaulay, December 1, 1945, RG 03.001, Records of the Office of the Provost, Series 1, File 116, Page School of International Relations, 1945-54, Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr., Archives, Johns Hopkins University.

29. P. Stewart Macaulay to James R. Young, December 5, 1945, Hamburger Archives.

30. See Buhite, Patrick J. Hurley , chap. 11.

1. Murray, Red Scare , is the definitive source for the early 1920s.

2. Wohl, "American 'Geopolitical Masterhand.'"

3. Levering, American Opinion , chap. 3. But see Sirgiovanni, "Undercurrent of Suspicion," for evidence that many Americans did not relax their hostility toward Russia during the war.

4. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 76.

5. Ibid., 78-82.

4. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 76.

5. Ibid., 78-82.

6. Jefferson, "Rhetorical Restrictions," chaps. 3-4.

7. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 79-80.

8. Ibid., 79.

7. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 79-80.

8. Ibid., 79.

9. "Two Thousand Reds Hold U.S. Jobs, Priest Asserts," Washington Post ,

March 11, 1946; "Rep Rees to Ask Congressional Probe of Communists in U.S. Agencies Here," Washington Post , March 12, 1946.

10. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 80.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid., 81-82, 82-83.

10. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 80.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid., 81-82, 82-83.

10. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 80.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid., 81-82, 82-83.

13. O'Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans , chaps. 3-4.

14. Lattimore's ONA articles all appeared in the York (Pennsylvania) Gazette and Daily . No other paper carried them all. All citations to these ONA articles are to that paper; dates are those of publication. The Justice Department report is analyzed in chapter 26.

15. For a lurid account of the Gouzenko case and the Soviet espionage apparatus of which he was a part, see Pincher, Too Secret, Too Long .

16. Ray Richards, "Prof. Owen Lattimore's Job under Probe by House sub-Committee," Baltimore News-Post , June 7, 1946.

17. FBI/OL, 173, 2418. The Chicago Journal of Commerce piece was traced back by the FBI to Today's World Publishing Company in St. Louis. Today's World had a brief existence from June 1946 to March 1947; it was founded by Virgil A. and Charles F. Kelly and supported by the Knights of Columbus. The FBI was not certain of this connection, however; Serial 2418 notes that the connection was only the "opinion" of Virgil Kelly.

18. Goodman, The Committee , 184.

19. Caute, Great Fear , 26.

20. Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , 50-51.

21. Goodman, The Committee , 185.

22. Ibid., 186-87.

21. Goodman, The Committee , 185.

22. Ibid., 186-87.

1. ONA dispatch in York Gazette and Daily , January 17, 1947. Subsequent ONA dispatches identified in text by date only.

2. Eastman, "Who Lost China?" 658-60. For the most complete discussion of why Mao triumphed, see Pepper, Civil War In China .

3. Salisbury, "Amerasia Papers."

4. Discussion Meeting Report, Far Eastern Affairs, March 5, 1947, CFR Archives.

5. Ibid.

4. Discussion Meeting Report, Far Eastern Affairs, March 5, 1947, CFR Archives.

5. Ibid.

6. Lattimore to Choibalsan, February 11, 1947, LP; Lattimore to Novikov, February 11, 1947, LP.

7. Undated mimeographed paper titled "Owen Lattimore," J. B. Matthews Papers, Liberty University Library.

8. FBI/OL, 173.

9. FBI/OL, 454.

10. Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 41-44.

11. FBI/OL, 1324.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

11. FBI/OL, 1324.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

11. FBI/OL, 1324.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

11. FBI/OL, 1324.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. For the story of Vincent's struggle, and Clare's contemptible role in it, see May, China Scapegoat . An equally chilling report on Clare's bias and incompetence is in Kimball, The File .

1. Graebner, New Isolationism , 27.

2. Bailey, Diplomatic History , 800.

3. "Town Meeting," January 6, 1948. Transcripts of town meetings were published by the Town Hall, Inc., of Columbus, Ohio. This transcript was volume 13, number 37. This broadcast was also monitored by the Soviets, who castigated Lattimore over Radio Moscow as an opponent of communism; FBI/OL, 647.

4. Blind transcript in CFR Archives, the first paragraph of which reads, "The discussion group on Japan held its third meeting at 6:00 p.m. on Tuesday, January 27, 1948, at the Harold Pratt House."

5. Ibid.

4. Blind transcript in CFR Archives, the first paragraph of which reads, "The discussion group on Japan held its third meeting at 6:00 p.m. on Tuesday, January 27, 1948, at the Harold Pratt House."

5. Ibid.

6. See discussion of the reversal of occupation policy in Schonberger, Aftermath of War ; Bowen, Innocence Is Not Enough , 152-58; and Schaller, American Occupation of Japan , chap. 2.

7. Keeley, China Lobby Man , 220.

8. Ibid., 202.

9. Ibid., 203.

7. Keeley, China Lobby Man , 220.

8. Ibid., 202.

9. Ibid., 203.

7. Keeley, China Lobby Man , 220.

8. Ibid., 202.

9. Ibid., 203.

10. Goodman, The Committee , 226.

11. See Acheson, Present at the Creation , chap. 34; Cochran, Harry Truman , chap. 15; Goldman, Crucial Decade , 83-90; and Rogin, Intellectuals and McCarthy , chap. 8.

1. FBI/OL, 13.

2. Barmine, "Russian View," 44.

3. SISS/IPR, 183.

4. Ibid., 221.

3. SISS/IPR, 183.

4. Ibid., 221.

5. Barmine, "New Communist Conspiracy," 28.

6. FBI/OL, 503.

7. FBI/OL, 1447, 420.

8. Barmine, "New Defender for Yenan."

9. FBI/OL, 503.

10. FBI/OL, 420.

11. Goodman, The Committee , chap. 8.

12. FBI/OL, 503.

13. SISS/IPR, 201.

14. FBI/OL, 226.

15. For a description of Berzin, see Deakin and Storry, Case of Richard Sorge , 61-63.

16. Barmine, Memoirs of a Soviet Diplomat , and One Who Survived , chap. 40.

17. SISS/IPR 211; FBI/OL, 3114.

18. FBI/OL, 13, 19, 20.

19. FBI/OL, 23.

20. Ibid.

19. FBI/OL, 23.

20. Ibid.

21. FBI/OL, 34.

22. FBI/OL, 45.

23. FBI/OL, 65.

24. FBI/OL 61.

25. Ibid.

24. FBI/OL 61.

25. Ibid.

26. FBI/OL, 103.

27. This letter was not released by the FBI. We know its date from the CIA response cited in note 28.

28. Robert A. Schow m Director, FBI, August 10, 1949, CIA Lattimore files. As with the rest of the documents released after a nine-year delay, the CIA had censored this letter so heavily as to make it all but useless.

29. This letter does not survive, but Lattimore quoted it in an ONA article of February 22, 1947.

30. FBI/OL, 1082.

31. Congressional Record , February 21, 1949, 81st Cong., 1st Sess., A993. Theodore White told me in 1977 that on the campaign plane in 1960 Kennedy regretted having attacked Lattimore and Fairbank and wanted to make it up to them. White said he did not put this incident in his Making of the President: 1960 because he did not want to stir up trouble for Lattimore and Fairbank, both friends of White. White did, however, recount this event in his In Search of History , 469-70.

32. Budenz, "Menace of Red China," 23.

33. Ibid., 48.

34. Ibid., 49.

32. Budenz, "Menace of Red China," 23.

33. Ibid., 48.

34. Ibid., 49.

32. Budenz, "Menace of Red China," 23.

33. Ibid., 48.

34. Ibid., 49.

35. Lattimore to Mrs. William Stanton, February 14, 1949, Lattimore Papers, Hamburger Archives.

36. Lattimore, Situation in Asia , 12, 202.

37. Ibid., 237.

38. Ibid., 233.

39. Ibid., 111.

36. Lattimore, Situation in Asia , 12, 202.

37. Ibid., 237.

38. Ibid., 233.

39. Ibid., 111.

36. Lattimore, Situation in Asia , 12, 202.

37. Ibid., 237.

38. Ibid., 233.

39. Ibid., 111.

36. Lattimore, Situation in Asia , 12, 202.

37. Ibid., 237.

38. Ibid., 233.

39. Ibid., 111.

40. "Owen Lattimore Is on Legion List," Baltimore Sun , May 6, 1949.

41. Lattimore to Lauterbach, May 26, 1949, Lattimore Papers, Hamburger Archives.

42. FBI/OL, 146.

43. FBI/OL, 48, 49.

44. Lattimore to Roche, July 12, 1949, Lattimore Papers, Hamburger Archives.

45. On the White Paper , see Newman, "Self-Inflicted Wound."

46. Mao, Selected Works , 4:425-59.

47. Kearney, "Disaster in China," 4.

48. FBI/OL, 149.

49. Ibid.

48. FBI/OL, 149.

49. Ibid.

50. Varg, Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats , 249.

51. Quoted in Varg, Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats , 3.

52. See Swanberg, Luce and His Empire .

53. Stuart, Fifty Years in China , 242.

54. Dimond, "U.S. and China," 22-23.

55. Madsen, "The New China," 72.

56. Garrett, "Why They Stayed," 309.

57. FBI/OL, 1577.

58. SISS/IPR, 1551-1682 contains the complete transcript.

59. Ibid., 1583-95; and author interview with Philip Jessup, June 8, 1978.

58. SISS/IPR, 1551-1682 contains the complete transcript.

59. Ibid., 1583-95; and author interview with Philip Jessup, June 8, 1978.

60. FBI/OL, 2497; Bull to Lattimore, November 14, 1949, Lattimore Papers, Hamburger Archives.

61. FBI/OL, 146.

62. Lattimore to Evans, January 19, 1950, Rockefeller Foundation 1.1, Serial 2003, Box 354, Folder 4210, Rockefeller Archive Center.

63. FBI/OL, 133.

1. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman, 1950 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1950), 11.

2. Department of State Bulletin , January 12, 1950, 111.

3. Lattimore expressed these views in an ONA article carried by the York Gazette and Daily , July 9, 1949.

4. Acheson, Present at the Creation , 469-70.

5. W. H. Lawrence, "G.O.P. Poses Issues for '50 as Liberty versus Socialism," New York Times , February 7, 1950.

6. Lattimore to Gardner, February 1, 1950, LP.

7. Lattimore to Evans, February 26, 1950, LP.

8. FBI/OL, 151.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

8. FBI/OL, 151.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

8. FBI/OL, 151.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. FBI/OL, 164.

12. Author interview with Burkhardt, May 7, 1982.

13. FBI/OL, 228.

14. See the account in Reeves, Joe McCarthy , chaps. 8-9.

15. All sources mentioned in this paragraph are in the bibliography.

16. See Hofstadter, Paranoid Style , for a historical approach to conspiracy theory.

17. Goldman, Crucial Decade , 116.

18. Watkins, Enough Rope , ix.

19. Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , 114.

20. Tydings. For narrative accounts of the Tydings hearings, see Reeves, Joe McCarthy , chaps. 12-13; Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , chap. 8; Griffith, Politics of Fear , chap. 3.

21. Keeley, China Lobby Man , 98-99.

22. Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , 121.

23. I heard this story from John F. Melby (interview, June 10, 1983), who in 1950 was a foreign service officer on the Philippine desk.

24. Anderson, Confessions of a Muckraker , 196-97.

25. FBI/OL, 192, 178.

26. FBI/OL, 178.

27. FBI/OL, 2462.

28. FBI/OL, 916.

29. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 5.

30. Ibid., 8.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 3.

33. Ibid., 4.

29. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 5.

30. Ibid., 8.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 3.

33. Ibid., 4.

29. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 5.

30. Ibid., 8.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 3.

33. Ibid., 4.

29. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 5.

30. Ibid., 8.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 3.

33. Ibid., 4.

29. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 5.

30. Ibid., 8.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 3.

33. Ibid., 4.

34. FBI/OL, 1699.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid.

34. FBI/OL, 1699.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid.

34. FBI/OL, 1699.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid.

37. Anderson, Confessions of a Muckraker , 198.

38. Keeley, China Lobby Man , 3.

39. McCarthy to Utley, April 4, 1950, Utley Papers, Box 8, Hoover Institution; Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 267-68.

40. Anderson and May, McCarthy , 304. For a revealing account of Don Surine, see the extensive records of Tom Reeves's conversations with him in the Reeves Papers, Wisconsin State Historical Society.

41. Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 359, 366-69.

42. Ibid., 341-45, 363-64, 445.

41. Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 359, 366-69.

42. Ibid., 341-45, 363-64, 445.

43. Author interview with Burkhardt, May 7, 1982.

44. FBI/OL, 207.

45. FBI/OL, 226, 1221.

46. FBI/OL, 1447.

47. FBI/OL, 372, 1447.

48. Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 268.

49. FBI/OL, 243. The text of the McCarthy speech is also in Congressional Record , March 30, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., 4375-93.

50. Ibid., 4385; Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , 145.

49. FBI/OL, 243. The text of the McCarthy speech is also in Congressional Record , March 30, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., 4375-93.

50. Ibid., 4385; Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , 145.

51. George McT. Kahin, then a graduate student at Johns Hopkins, went to McCarthy's office to check out the sources of McCarthy's charges against Lattimore. He told me, "I found it surprisingly easy to look for things that I wanted. I said, 'This has to be in the public domain, he's been talking about this.' "Kahin found that McCarthy had taken statements out of context, doctored them, even conjured some of them up. Author interview with Kahin, August 10, 1979.

52. FBI/OL, 3114.

53. See discussion of the Amerasia case in chapter 9.

54. On the Hobbs committee report, see Congressional Record , May 22, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 7428-68.

55. Hofstadter, Paranoid Style , 36.

56. Congressional Record , March 30, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 4380.

57. Stewart Alsop, The Center , 8.

58. Time , April 17, 1950, 22.

59. Edwards, "Lattimore Raked by Sen. McCarthy," Chicago Daily Tribune , March 31, 1950; Edwards, "Senator Will Give Evidence to FBI," Washington Times-Herald , March 31, 1950.

60. FBI/OL, 3114.

61. Ibid.

60. FBI/OL, 3114.

61. Ibid.

62. FBI/OL, 3711.

63. FBI/OL, 2778. See also Theoharis and Cox, The Boss , 285-87.

1. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 20-21.

2. FBI/OL, 200.

3. FBI/OL, 261.

4. FBI/OL, 219, 354.

5. FBI/OL, 1894. Tavenner was an informal agent for General Willoughby, who sent him various Sorge papers hoping that HUAC would take up the case and thus publicize Willoughby's forthcoming book on Sorge. See correspondence from Willoughby to Bonner Fellers, Ralph de Toledano Papers, Box 5, Hoover Institution.

6. FBI/OL, 1677.

7. FBI/OL, 2033.

8. FBI/OL, 1900.

9. FBI/OL, 2367.

10. Edwards, "M'Carthy Links Lattimore to Slain Red Spy," Chicago Tribune , August 2, 1950.

11. FBI/OL, 5116.

12. FBI/OL, 294.

13. Caldwell, Secret War ; see also Davies, Dragon by the Tail , 287-89; and Miles, A Different Kind of War .

14. Miles to Nimitz, March 21, 1946, Miles Papers, Box 9, Hoover Institution; Schaller, U.S. Crusade in China , 248-49.

15. FBI/OL, 606.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

15. FBI/OL, 606.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

15. FBI/OL, 606.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

18. FBI/OL, 1474.

19. FBI/OL, 1684.

20. FBI/OL, 1684, 1850.

21. FBI/OL, 2321.

22. FBI/OL, 2172.

23. FBI/OL,2550.

24. FBI/OL, 2827.

25. FBI/OL, 2953.

26. FBI/OL, 3058, 3219.

27. FBI/OL, 944, 1318, 1806.

28. FBI/OL, 932.

29. Ibid.

28. FBI/OL, 932.

29. Ibid.

30. FBI/OL 942.

31. FBI/OL 1279.

32. FBI/OL 1769.

33. FBI/OL 962.

34. FBI/OL 1306.

35. FBI/OL 2389.

36. FBI/OL 2692.

37. FBI/OL 5536.

38. FBI/OL 2625.

39. FBI/OL. 2355.

40. Ibid.

39. FBI/OL. 2355.

40. Ibid.

41. FBI/OL, 2728.

42. Ibid.

41. FBI/OL, 2728.

42. Ibid.

43. FBI/OL, 2987.

44. FBI/OL, 1686.

45. FBI/OL, 1691.

46. Ibid.

45. FBI/OL, 1691.

46. Ibid.

47. FBI/OL, 2461.

48. FBI/OL, 1272.

49. FBI/OL, 1686.

50. FBI/OL, 1688, 1687, 1362.

51. FBI/OL, 1690.

52. FBI/OL, 1355.

53. FBI/OL, 1575, 1437.

54. FBI/OL, 1691.

55. FBI/OL. 2054.

56. FBI/OL 2461.

57. FBI/OL, 2330.

58. FBI/OL 2830.

59. FBI/OL 2330.

60. FBI/OL 2705.

61. FBI/OL 2600.

62. FBI/OL 2662.

63. FBI/OL 2759.

64. FBI/OL 2803.

65. FBI/OL 2830.

66. FBI/OL 3875, 4035.

67. FBI/OL 1932, 2381, 2382.

68. FBI/OL 3285, 3286, 3290.

69. FBI/OL 1831, 2014, 2233, 2265, 2358.

1. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 18.

2. Ibid., 19.

3. Ibid., 23.

1. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 18.

2. Ibid., 19.

3. Ibid., 23.

1. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 18.

2. Ibid., 19.

3. Ibid., 23.

4. Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 265.

5. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 23.

6. "Lattimore's Statement," Baltimore Sun , April 2, 1950.

7. Ibid.

6. "Lattimore's Statement," Baltimore Sun , April 2, 1950.

7. Ibid.

8. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 27.

9. New York Times , April 4, 1950.

10. William S. White, "Lodge Asks Loyalty Inquiry Be Shifted to Private Board," New York Times , April 4, 1950.

11. FBI/OL, 345, 334.

12. FBI/OL, 1940.

13. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 56-57.

14. In addition to the Tydings committee hearings, Lattimore's appearance was covered extensively in the New York Times, Baltimore Sun, Washington Post , and many other papers on April 7, 1950. See also Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 59-108.

15. Tydings, 417-18.

16. Ibid., 420.

17. Ibid., 425.

18. Ibid., 438-39.

19. Ibid., 439, 441.

20. Ibid., 484.

15. Tydings, 417-18.

16. Ibid., 420.

17. Ibid., 425.

18. Ibid., 438-39.

19. Ibid., 439, 441.

20. Ibid., 484.

15. Tydings, 417-18.

16. Ibid., 420.

17. Ibid., 425.

18. Ibid., 438-39.

19. Ibid., 439, 441.

20. Ibid., 484.

15. Tydings, 417-18.

16. Ibid., 420.

17. Ibid., 425.

18. Ibid., 438-39.

19. Ibid., 439, 441.

20. Ibid., 484.

15. Tydings, 417-18.

16. Ibid., 420.

17. Ibid., 425.

18. Ibid., 438-39.

19. Ibid., 439, 441.

20. Ibid., 484.

15. Tydings, 417-18.

16. Ibid., 420.

17. Ibid., 425.

18. Ibid., 438-39.

19. Ibid., 439, 441.

20. Ibid., 484.

21. Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , 148.

22. William S. White, "Lattimore Denies He Was Ever a Red; Hits 'China Lobby,' "New York Times , April 7, 1950.

23. FBI/OL, 518, 519.

24. FBI/OL, 1604.

25. FBI/OL, 3050, 6110.

26. FBI/OL, 2195, 2290.

27. FBI/OL, 447, 566.

28. FBI/OL, 2722.

29. FBI/OL, 1940.

30. FBI/OL, 2409.

31. FBI/OL, 686.

32. FBI/OL, 594.

33. FBI/OL, 552 (my assignment of serial number; the FBI did not mark it). This serial covers the whole Kohlberg interview story through his painful session with Belmont April 13, 1950.

34. "Kohlberg Says His File Has More on Lattimore," New York Mirror , April 13, 1950.

35. FBI/OL, 552.

36. Ibid.

35. FBI/OL, 552.

36. Ibid.

1. FBI Headquarters File 100-63, Louis Francis Budenz, Internal Security—C, Serial 122; hereafter cited as FBI/LB, plus the serial number.

2. Budenz, This Is My Story , preface, chaps. 10-11.

3. FBI/LB, 138.

4. FBI/LB, 149.

5. FBI/LB, 160.

6. FBI/LB, 211.

7. Ibid.

6. FBI/LB, 211.

7. Ibid.

8. FBI/LB, 139.

9. FBI New York Office File 62-8988B, Serial 3. The New York office changed classifications on Budenz several times, and the different tiles were not kept clearly separate. Hereafter, New York files on Budenz will be cited as FBINY, Budenz, file number, and serial.

10. FBI/LB, 190.

11. In the period just before the Tydings hearings, and again in 1951 when Budenz was called before the McCarran committee, the changes in his recollections due to "refreshing his memory" were so numerous the FBI could hardly keep track of them. See FBI/OL, 728.

12. FBI/LB, 227.

13. FBI/OL, 2327, 1324.

14. The transcript of the Santo hearing is printed in Tydings, 1691-1725.

15. Anderson, Confessions of a Muckraker , 201.

16. FBI/LB, 257.

17. FBINY, Budenz, 62-8988B, Serial 11; Budenz, 66-6709B, Serial 203.

18. FBI/LB, 282.

19. FBI/LB, 288.

20. Budenz, "Menace of Red China," 23.

21. Margaret Budenz, Streets , 242.

22. FBI/OL, 515.

23. Ibid.

22. FBI/OL, 515.

23. Ibid.

24. FBI/OL, 3114.

25. FBI/OL, 182.

26. FBI/OL, 226.

27. FBI/OL, 531.

28. FBI/OL, 515, 444.

29. FBI/OL, 463, 514.

30. FBI/OL, 1821.

31. FBI/OL, 532.

32. FBI/OL, 501.

33. Ibid.

32. FBI/OL, 501.

33. Ibid.

34. FBI/OL, 561.

35. FBI/OL, 488.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid.

35. FBI/OL, 488.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid.

35. FBI/OL, 488.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid.

38. FBI/OL, 724.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

38. FBI/OL, 724.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

38. FBI/OL, 724.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

41. FBI/OL, 927.

42. FBI/OL, 1151.

43. FBI/OL, 1150.

44. FBI/OL, 1823.

45. FBI/OL, 1822.

46. FBI/OL, 702.

47. FBI/LB, 314.

48. FBI/OL, 1332; Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 716.

49. FBI/OL, 1032.

50. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 111-12.

51. Field's testimony is in Tydings, 709-35; Dodd's testimony is in Tydings, 631-59; Thorpe's testimony is in Tydings, 5558-68. Charles Callas, who worked for SISS from February to June 1952, says Thorpe told him that contrary to statements made by Lattimore in Ordeal by Slander , Thorpe's expenses in Washington were paid by the Lattimore team; author interview with Callas, August 19, 1989. All the principals are now deceased, and it is impossible to find records settling the matter.

52. William G. Weart, "Lattimore Bids U.S. Sever Formosa Tie, "New York Times , April 16, 1950.

53. Tydings, 488.

54. Ibid., 489.

53. Tydings, 488.

54. Ibid., 489.

55. Budenz's "four hundred" list included many persons whom he never accused publicly. The FBI has released only a fraction of those he named. Some of the more prominent: Kay Boyle, John Carter Vincent, Albert Einstein, Rockwell Kent, Senator Elbert D. Thomas, Henry Steele Commager, Clifford Durr, John K. Fairbank, Carey McWilliams, Linus Pauling, Thomas L Emerson, Walter Gellhorn, Representative Adolph Sabath.

56. Tydings, 489; FBI/OL, 214, 1621.

57. FBI/OL, 344.

58. Tydings, 496.

59. Ibid., 534.

58. Tydings, 496.

59. Ibid., 534.

60. Tydings, 491-95. The fifth of these charges Budenz retracted in FBI interviews of May 4 and June 2, 1950; FBI/OL, 2434.

61. Bayley, Joe McCarthy and the Press, analyzes press failure to show McCarthy's mendacity.

62. Krock, "Capital Is Disturbed by Budenz Testimony," New York Times , April 23, 1950.

63. FBI/OL, 1065.

64. FBI/OL, 1231.

65. FBINY, Budenz, 62-8988, Serial 237; FBINY, Budenz, 66-6709, Serial 262.

66. FBI/LB, 324.

1. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 125; New York Times , April 22, 1950.

2. FBI/OL, 1051.

3. FBI/OL, 1785.

4. Tydings, 631-59.

5. Ibid., 660-67.

4. Tydings, 631-59.

5. Ibid., 660-67.

6. FBI/OL, 1463. The Kerley charge reached the Times in watered-down form; see "Bella Dodd Terms Budenz 'Dishonest,'" New York Times , April 26, 1950. In this story Huber had only been "assaulted."

7. FBI/OL, 1282, 1463.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

7. FBI/OL, 1282, 1463.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

7. FBI/OL, 1282, 1463.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

7. FBI/OL, 1282, 1463.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. FBI/OL, 1504.

12. FBI/OL, 1484, 1907.

13. "Budenz Cautions of Plot in Pacific," New York Times , April 24, 1950.

14. Tydings, 669-707.

15. Ibid., 709-35; Field, From Right to Left , 218. Field's description of the Tydings hearings, and the mendacious Budenz, is inaccurate in some details but is overall a shrewd account of the inquisition. See especially chapter 20.

14. Tydings, 669-707.

15. Ibid., 709-35; Field, From Right to Left , 218. Field's description of the Tydings hearings, and the mendacious Budenz, is inaccurate in some details but is overall a shrewd account of the inquisition. See especially chapter 20.

16. Tydings, 768.

17. Ibid., 759. For an extensive discussion of Utley's political and ideological shifts, and of her belief that the Nazis in 1940 could be "humanized and democratized" and hence were preferable to the Communists, see Klotz, "Freda Utley," chaps. 7-8.

16. Tydings, 768.

17. Ibid., 759. For an extensive discussion of Utley's political and ideological shifts, and of her belief that the Nazis in 1940 could be "humanized and democratized" and hence were preferable to the Communists, see Klotz, "Freda Utley," chaps. 7-8.

18. Author interview with Utley, December 3, 1977.

19. "Freda Utley Calls Lattimore No Red Spy, But a 'Judas Cow,' "New York Times , May 2, 1950.

20. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 146.

21. Tydings, 802.

22. Shewmaker, Americans and Chinese Communists , 245.

23. Tydings, 807.

24. Ibid., 809.

25. Ibid., 809, 813.

23. Tydings, 807.

24. Ibid., 809.

25. Ibid., 809, 813.

23. Tydings, 807.

24. Ibid., 809.

25. Ibid., 809, 813.

26. New York Times , May 3, 1950.

27. Jansen, "Owen Lattimore and the China Policy," Christian Science Monitor , May 12, 1950.

28. Congressional Record , Senate, May 12, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 6969.

29. Ibid., 6970.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid., 6971.

32. Ibid., 6972, 6971.

33. Ibid., 6973-74.

28. Congressional Record , Senate, May 12, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 6969.

29. Ibid., 6970.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid., 6971.

32. Ibid., 6972, 6971.

33. Ibid., 6973-74.

28. Congressional Record , Senate, May 12, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 6969.

29. Ibid., 6970.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid., 6971.

32. Ibid., 6972, 6971.

33. Ibid., 6973-74.

28. Congressional Record , Senate, May 12, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 6969.

29. Ibid., 6970.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid., 6971.

32. Ibid., 6972, 6971.

33. Ibid., 6973-74.

28. Congressional Record , Senate, May 12, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 6969.

29. Ibid., 6970.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid., 6971.

32. Ibid., 6972, 6971.

33. Ibid., 6973-74.

28. Congressional Record , Senate, May 12, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 6969.

29. Ibid., 6970.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid., 6971.

32. Ibid., 6972, 6971.

33. Ibid., 6973-74.

34. "Budenz Uses Catholic Church as a 'Shield,' Chavez Charges," New York Times , May 13, 1950; "Head of Fordham Champions Budenz," New York Times , May 14, 1950; "McCarthy Says Red Wrote Chavez Talk," New York Compass , May 26, 1950.

35. Mimeographed copy of speech in LP; "Seven G.O.P. Senators Decry 'Smear' Tactics of McCarthy," New York Times , June 2, 1950.

36. Stueck, Road to Confrontation , 217.

37. Buhite, Soviet-American Relations , 169. On the outbreak of the Korean War, see also Cumings, Origins of the Korean War ; and Simmons, Strained Alliance .

38. Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , 167.

39. Congressional Record , Senate, July 6, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 9715; "McCarthy Charges Files Destruction," New York Times , July 13, 1950.

40. Chicago Daily Tribune , July 10, 1950.

41. Mimeographed copy of speech, LP.

42. Baltimore Evening Sun , July 7, 1950.

43. Tydings Report , 167. For a critique of the Tydings Report and its reception, see Reeves, Life and Times , 304-14.

44. "Red Charges by McCarthy Ruled False," New York Times , June 18, 1950.

45. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 216, 9.

46. Ibid., 222.

45. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 216, 9.

46. Ibid., 222.

47. Friendly, "Lattimore Answers McCarthy," Washington Post , July 30, 1950. Koen's book was actually printed in 1960 by Macmillan and review copies sent out, but the book was then withdrawn. Lawyers for the Chinese Nationalist government threatened Macmillan with a lawsuit because of charges in Koen's preface of illegal smuggling of narcotics into the United States by Nationalist Chinese. The book was finally published by Harper and Row in 1974.

48. Stefansson to Lattimores, October 6, 1949, LP.

49. Evelyn Stefansson to Eleanor Lattimore, May 18, 1950, LP. For Stefansson's account of this event, see his Discovery , chap. 45.

50. Stefansson to Lattimores, June 12, 1950, LP.

51. Stefansson to Lattimores, June 17, 1950, LP.

52. Stefansson to Lattimores, July 25, 1950, LP; FBI/OL, 2523.

53. "M'Carthy Hits Sale of Lattimore House," New York Times , July 28, 1950.

54. "New McCarthy vs. Lattimore Dispute On," Baltimore Sun , July 28, 1950.

1. Edwards, "M'Carthy Links Lattimore to Slain Red Spy," Chicago Tribune , August 3, 1950.

2. "AP Suppressed Charge on Reds, Says M'Carthy," Chicago Tribune , August 8, 1950.

3. "Resort Hotel Bans Lattimore Talk as Poll of Guests Shows Protest," New York Times , August 28, 1950.

4. Ibid.

3. "Resort Hotel Bans Lattimore Talk as Poll of Guests Shows Protest," New York Times , August 28, 1950.

4. Ibid.

5. "M'Carthy Attacks Cheered by V.F.W.," New York Times , August 31, 1950.

6. FBI/OL, 2887.

7. Ibid.

6. FBI/OL, 2887.

7. Ibid.

8. FBI/OL, 2873.

9. FBI/OL, 2887.

10. FBI/OL, 2854.

11. FBI/OL, 2895.

12. Cooney, American Pope , 285, 324.

13. FBI/LB, 353; Edwards, "Budenz Names 380 Top Reds for Probers," Washington Times-Herald , September 1, 1950.

14. FBI/OL, 377.

15. Lattimore to Colegrove, September 5, 1950, Lattimore Papers, Hamburger Archives.

16. Evelyn Stefansson to Eleanor Lattimore, August 21, 1950, LP; Stefansson to Lattimores, August 21, 1950, LP; Evelyn Stefansson to Eleanor Lattimore, September 11, 1950, LP.

17. Ibid.

16. Evelyn Stefansson to Eleanor Lattimore, August 21, 1950, LP; Stefansson to Lattimores, August 21, 1950, LP; Evelyn Stefansson to Eleanor Lattimore, September 11, 1950, LP.

17. Ibid.

18. Tanner and Griffith, "Legislative Politics and 'McCarthyism,'" 168-88.

19. "Wellesley Permits Lattimore to Speak," New York Times , September 26, 1950; Bert Wissman, "Wellesley Trustees May Ban Invitation to Prof. Lattimore," Washington Times-Herald , October 2, 1950.

20. FBI/OL, 2858.

21. Fried, "Electoral Politics and McCarthyism," 205.

22. For an excellent account of the Maryland campaign, see Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 331-46.

23. "Owen Lattimore Lauds Tydings Regarding Whitewash Charge," Baltimore Sun , November 15, 1950.

24. Lattimore to Eisenhart, October 31, 1950, LP; Lattimore to Pandit Kunzru, December 11, 1950, Lattimore Papers, Hamburger Archives.

25. "U.S. Accuses Red China of 'Open Aggression'; 'New War,' Says M'Arthur; Truman Sees Aides: 200,000 of Foe Advance up to Twenty-three Miles in Korea," New York Times , November 29, 1950; "Skiers in Northwest Unite as Defense 'Guerrillas,' " New York Times , December 19, 1950; "Priest Justifies Use of Bomb for Defense," New York Times , December 25, 1950. For the complete story of the defeat of the Eighth Army, see Marshall, The River and the Gauntlet .

26. On the concept of virile self-image, see Ralph White, Nobody Wanted War , chap. 7.

27. FBI/OL, 2925.

28. FBI/OL, 5070.

29. SISS/IPR, 3430.

30. FBI/OL, 2944.

31. FBI/OL, 3017.

32. FBI/OL, 4769.

33. FBI/OL, 3017.

1. Steinberg, "McCarran Lone Wolf," 90.

2. Pittman, "Senator Patrick A. McCarran," 47-50, 79. I am much indebted to Von Pittman for his account of McCarran's anticommunism.

3. Ibid., 85-88.

2. Pittman, "Senator Patrick A. McCarran," 47-50, 79. I am much indebted to Von Pittman for his account of McCarran's anticommunism.

3. Ibid., 85-88.

4. Notes of Conversation with Senator John Foster Dulles, August 18, 1949, Wellington Koo Papers, Box, 130, Columbia University Library; "$1,500,000,000 Help to Nanking Urged," New York Times , January 29, 1949.

5. Norman H. Biltz Oral History, Western Studies Center, University of Nevada, Reno, 177.

6. "The Senate," ADA World , September 1950, 4A.

7. Congressional Record , March 29, 1950, 82d Cong., 1st sess., A2762-63; Fried, "Electoral Politics," 198-99.

8. Notes of conversations with Don Surine, Reeves Papers, Wisconsin State Historical Society.

9. FBI/OL, 1886; J. Edgar Hoover to Sidney W. Souers, February 20, 1950, President's Secretary's File, Box, 168, HSTL.

10. Anderson and May, McCarthy , 344.

11. "Senators Predict Sensation in Files," New York Times , February 11, 1951.

12. "Full Inquiry Pledged on Pacific Institute," New York Times , February 12, 1951; FBI/OL, 1886.

13. Morris, "Counsel for the Minority," 80.

14. FBI/OL, 3078, 3176.

15. FBI/OL, 3170. For an expanded account of these and other documents released by the Chinese Nationalists, see Newman, "Clandestine."

16. FBI/OL, 3170.

17. FBI/OL, 5842.

18. FBI/OL, no serial number. This is a cable from APO 500 to G-2 in Washington, July 7, 1951.

19. FBI/OL, 3298.

20. FBI/OL, 5842, 3174, 3252.

21. FBI/OL, 3174.

22. "Ban on Lattimore Asked," New York Times , March 6, 1951; "Lattimore Speaks," New York Times , March 8, 1951.

23. Congressional Record , April 19, 1951, 82d Cong., 2d sess, 4129.

24. The Government Printing Office issue of these hearings, published in 1951, is censored. A declassified version later became available in microfilm from University Publications of America.

25. Senate, Foreign Relations and Armed Services Committee, Military Situation in the Far East , 25-29.

26. Ibid., 37.

25. Senate, Foreign Relations and Armed Services Committee, Military Situation in the Far East , 25-29.

26. Ibid., 37.

27. FBI/OL, 3105.

28. Lipper, Elf Jahre .

29. Lipper, Eleven Years . Henry Regnery does not mention his addition to Lipper's book; see his Memoirs of a Dissident Publisher , 104-6. In the 1970s Lattimore lived in Paris, where he got to know Ruth Fischer, a former Communist of stature and an early anti-Stalinist. Lattimore told me about a conversation with Fischer: "One day we were talking about the different kinds of ex-Communists—the reasonable ones, the sectarian ones, the pathological ones, and I mentioned Lipper [meaning her attack on him in the American edition of her book]. 'That's strange,' said Ruth, 'I know Lipper and I'll find out for you. She's an honest woman.' In due course she told me—but did not show me the letter—that Lipper had written her that this derogatory passage had been inserted by the American publishers, without consulting her."

30. FBI/OL, 3227.

31. Tydings, 523.

32. SISS/IPR, 2795-2823, 2871-76.

33. "Communist Threat inside U.S.," U.S. News and World Report , November 16, 1951, 30

34. FBI Headquarters File 100-221869, Joseph Zack Kornfeder, Serial 26.

35. Ibid., Serial 12; FBI/OL, 3006.

34. FBI Headquarters File 100-221869, Joseph Zack Kornfeder, Serial 26.

35. Ibid., Serial 12; FBI/OL, 3006.

36. SISS Executive Session Records, Hearing of June 8, 1951, RG 46, NA; FBI Headquarters File 100-221869, Kornfeder, Serial 12.

37. SISS/IPR, 886; Caute, Great Fear , 126; May, China Scapegoat , 345.

38. SISS Executive Session Records, July 3, 1951, 12-13, RG 46, NA.

39. "Field Summoned to Senate Inquiry," New York Times , July 11, 1951.

40. "Senators Examine Field for Two Hours," New York Times , July 13, 1951.

41. "Lattimore Quiz Based on New Material," Baltimore Evening Sun , July 13, 1951.

42. SISS Executive Session Records, July 13, 1951, RG 46, NA; SISS/IPR, 3261.

43. Lattimore to Edgar McInnis, July 30, 1951, Lattimore Papers, Subseries 2, Correspondence, 1946-51, Hamburger Archives.

44. Undated memo headed "Lattimore, Owen," in SISS Files, IPR Investigation, RG 46, NA; FBI/OL, 3204.

45. FBI/OL, 3187.

46. "G.O.P. Loses Fight for Open MacArthur Inquiry," New York Times , May 5, 1951.

47. "Richardson and Nimitz," New York Times , May 28, 1951.

48. SISS/IPR, 2-5.

49. Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 81; SISS/IPR, 10.

50. SISS/IPR, 18.

51. Ibid., 40.

52. Ibid., 2991.

50. SISS/IPR, 18.

51. Ibid., 40.

52. Ibid., 2991.

50. SISS/IPR, 18.

51. Ibid., 40.

52. Ibid., 2991.

53. "Field Says He Was Invited to Seek Air Intelligence Post," New York Times , July 27, 1951.

54. "Senators to Hear Ex-Wife of Eisler," New York Times , July 28, 1951.

55. FBI/OL, 3114.

56. SISS/IPR, 222.

57. Ibid., 208-9; Krivitsky, In Stalin's Secret Service ; FBI/OL, 3294.

56. SISS/IPR, 222.

57. Ibid., 208-9; Krivitsky, In Stalin's Secret Service ; FBI/OL, 3294.

58. FBI/OL, 3294.

59. "Lattimore and Barnes Linked to Soviet Spies but Deny It," New York Times , August 1, 1951.

60. SISS/IPR, Report , 25, 195.

61. Barmine, One Who Survived and Memoirs ; "Ex-Russian Agent Heard by Senators," Baltimore Sun , August 1, 1951; Who Was Who in the USSR (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1972), 67.

62. Krivitsky, In Stalin's Secret Service , 37-38; Deakin and Storry, Case of Richard Sorge , 60; SISS/IPR, 3107.

63. See the analysis of the questioning of Barmine in "Draft Memorandum for Mr. Crossman," August 31, 1951, Philip Jessup Papers, Box 26, Library of Congress.

64. SISS/IPR, 211.

65. Chicago Tribune , August 1, 1951.

66. "Foundations Face Inquiry by House," New York Times , August 2, 1951.

67. SISS/IPR, 223-71.

68. FBI/OL, 4769.

69. Fairbank, Chinabound , 339.

70. SISS/IPR, 314, 316.

71. Ibid., 288, 289-90, 303, 327, 334; Ulmen, Science of Society , 189, 199, 203-4, 263-80, 283-99, 569-71.

70. SISS/IPR, 314, 316.

71. Ibid., 288, 289-90, 303, 327, 334; Ulmen, Science of Society , 189, 199, 203-4, 263-80, 283-99, 569-71.

72. FBI/OL, 3985; Packer, Ex-Communist Witnesses , 216.

73. SISS/IPR, 342-49.

74. Ibid., 353-401, 439.

75. Ibid., 437.

73. SISS/IPR, 342-49.

74. Ibid., 353-401, 439.

75. Ibid., 437.

73. SISS/IPR, 342-49.

74. Ibid., 353-401, 439.

75. Ibid., 437.

76. Barth, "McCarran's Monopoly," 25, 26.

77. SISS/IPR, 517.

78. Ibid., 515. During the South Bend interrogations with agent Pat Coyne, Budenz himself agreed that because he had never been to a Soviet school for Communist leaders he knew less than did other Politburo members; this admission was quite forgotten during the SISS hearings. See also chapter 18.

77. SISS/IPR, 517.

78. Ibid., 515. During the South Bend interrogations with agent Pat Coyne, Budenz himself agreed that because he had never been to a Soviet school for Communist leaders he knew less than did other Politburo members; this admission was quite forgotten during the SISS hearings. See also chapter 18.

79. SISS/IPR, 521, 529.

80. Ibid., 552, 555, 556.

81. Ibid., 685-86.

79. SISS/IPR, 521, 529.

80. Ibid., 552, 555, 556.

81. Ibid., 685-86.

79. SISS/IPR, 521, 529.

80. Ibid., 552, 555, 556.

81. Ibid., 685-86.

82. "Sorge's Spy Ring Held Copied in U.S.," New York Times , August 23, 1951; FBI/LB, 431.

83. Ibid.

82. "Sorge's Spy Ring Held Copied in U.S.," New York Times , August 23, 1951; FBI/LB, 431.

83. Ibid.

84. FBINY, Budenz, File 62-8988, Serial 402.

85. FBI/OL, 3203.

86. Ibid.

85. FBI/OL, 3203.

86. Ibid.

87. SISS/IPR, 704-5, 714.

88. Ibid., 718, 719; Edwards, "Calls Acheson a Tool in 1945 of Lattimore," Chicago Tribune , September 1, 1951. For more on Dooman, see chapter 9. The intensity of Dooman's vindictiveness toward those who disagreed with him about Japan does not come through in his SISS testimony. To gauge it fully, see Emmerson, Japanese Thread , 314-26, and Schonberger, Aftermath of War .

87. SISS/IPR, 704-5, 714.

88. Ibid., 718, 719; Edwards, "Calls Acheson a Tool in 1945 of Lattimore," Chicago Tribune , September 1, 1951. For more on Dooman, see chapter 9. The intensity of Dooman's vindictiveness toward those who disagreed with him about Japan does not come through in his SISS testimony. To gauge it fully, see Emmerson, Japanese Thread , 314-26, and Schonberger, Aftermath of War .

89. Joseph Alsop, "Is It Accurate?" New York Herald Tribune , September 12, 1951.

90. William S. White, "Democrats Blaze at Acheson Critics," New York Times , September 15, 1951; "Lehman Presses Security Inquiry," New York Times , September 25, 1951.

91. SISS/IPR, 864-95.

92. Ibid., 905, 912, 915, 922; FBI/OL, 955.

91. SISS/IPR, 864-95.

92. Ibid., 905, 912, 915, 922; FBI/OL, 955.

93. SISS/IPR, 948.

94. Ibid., 975-80, 959.

95. Ibid.,1009.

96. Ibid., 1011, 1019.

97. Ibid., 3614.

93. SISS/IPR, 948.

94. Ibid., 975-80, 959.

95. Ibid.,1009.

96. Ibid., 1011, 1019.

97. Ibid., 3614.

93. SISS/IPR, 948.

94. Ibid., 975-80, 959.

95. Ibid.,1009.

96. Ibid., 1011, 1019.

97. Ibid., 3614.

93. SISS/IPR, 948.

94. Ibid., 975-80, 959.

95. Ibid.,1009.

96. Ibid., 1011, 1019.

97. Ibid., 3614.

93. SISS/IPR, 948.

94. Ibid., 975-80, 959.

95. Ibid.,1009.

96. Ibid., 1011, 1019.

97. Ibid., 3614.

98. Author interview with Philip Jessup, June 8, 1978. Stassen's appearances are recorded in SISS/IPR, 1035-74, 1111-38, 1252-77.

99. White, "Parley of Experts Urged Recognition of Red China in '49," New York Times , October 12, 1951; SISS/IPR, 1252-77; "Lattimore and Douglas Cited on Asia," October 3, 1951. The CIA Lattimore file has an interesting Soviet comment on Lattimore made while Stassen was trying to make Lattimore out to be a Soviet agent. The Soviet Information Bureau broadcast a castigation of Lattimore as "one of the leading propagandists of American imperialism [who is] late in 'discovering' the new Asia." The Soviet attack was prompted by an article Lattimore wrote for the Nation commenting on the Korean War. This item did not find its way to McCarran.

100. SISS/IPR, 1077-1110.

101. Crosby, God, Church and Flag , 59.

102. SISS/IPR, 1195.

103. Ibid., 1234.

102. SISS/IPR, 1195.

103. Ibid., 1234.

104. Alsop m Hibbs, October 10, 1951, Alsop Papers, Box 80, Library of Congress.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

115. Alsop to Smith, October 19, 1951, Alsop Papers; Alsop to Smith, October 23, 1951, Alsop Papers.

116. Alsop to Smith, November 1, 1951, Alsop Papers.

117. Alsop to author, July 28, 1981.

118. Robert B. Ekvall to Lattimore, July 24, 1951, LP; hereafter cited as Ekvall letter. For the story of the Tibetan takeover, see Weissman, "Last Tangle in Tibet."

119. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, December 10, 1951, Lattimore Papers. The Takster Lama's family name was Thubten Jigme Norbu. For his account of his trip to the United States, see Norbu, Tibet Is My Country , 239-46; and Grunfeld, Making of Modern Tibet , 106-7.

120. Lattimore to Ekvall, July 23, 1951, LP. Ekvall's somewhat different interpretation of events is in Ekvall letter.

121. Lattimore to Ekvall, July 23, 1951, LP.

122. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, December 10, 1951, LP.

123. Fortas to Dewey Anderson, December 28, 1950, LP.

124. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, December 10, 1951, LP.

125. Shipley to Nicholson, December 6, 1951, Lattimore Passport File, State Department.

126. FBI/OL, 5536, 3264.

127. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, December 10, 1951, LP.

128. See Newman, "Clandestine," 221-22; "M'Carthy Attacks Truman on an Aide," New York Times , January 16, 1952; White, "1952 Campaign Issues Begin to Take Shape," New York Times , December 23, 1951.

129. FBI/OL, 3305.

1. "A Senate Inquiry," New York Times , October 13, 1951.

2. "Death of Nimitz Board Frees M'Carran's Hand," New York Times , November 4, 1951.

3. See Thurman Arnold to Herbert M. Levy, in Gressley, Voltaire and the Cowboy , 410-11. Arnold objected to ACLU's "quibbling" about technicalities while ignoring fundamental "legal and constitutional issues."

4. "Observing Fair Procedure," New York Times , November 16, 1951.

5. "Lattimore Rebukes US Policy Makers," New Haven Evening Register , October 21, 1951.

6. SISS/IPR, 2900.

7. FBI/OL, 3248.

8. FBI/OL, 3242.

9. FBI/OL, 3242, 3248, 3259.

10. FBI/OL, 3297.

11. FBI/OL, 3283, 3297.

12. "Communist Threat inside U.S.," U.S. News and World Report , November 16, 1951, 27-28.

13. SISS/IPR, 2175.

14. May, China Scapegoat , 348.

15 . SISS/IPR, 2021-22.

16. Ibid., 2281.

15 . SISS/IPR, 2021-22.

16. Ibid., 2281.

17. FBI/OL, no serial number. This is a memo from Branigan to Belmont, April 1, 1952.

18. Some of Poppe's background is given in SISS/IPR, 2691-2731. For much of what Poppe did not tell the Senate, see Simpson, Blowback , 118-23. See also Poppe, Reminiscences , 208-16.

19. Weiner, "Nazi Sympathizers."

20. Poppe to Robert Morris, October 24, 1952, Box 139, RG 46, NA.

21. SISS/IPR, 2724-26.

22. SISS/IPR, 2726.

23. Poppe, Reminiscences , 216.

24. Westerfield, Foreign Policy and Party Politics , 246; Rorty and Decter, McCarthy and the Communists , 14; Navasky, Naming Names , chap. 10.

25. SISS/IPR, 2947.

26. Ibid., 2926.

27. Ibid., 2933-35.

28. Ibid., 3022-33. During the Iran-Contra hearings in Washington in July 1987, the frequency, force, and length of objections by Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North's counsel to questions asked by congressmen contrasted sharply with the muzzle put on counsel before SISS thirty-five years earlier.

25. SISS/IPR, 2947.

26. Ibid., 2926.

27. Ibid., 2933-35.

28. Ibid., 3022-33. During the Iran-Contra hearings in Washington in July 1987, the frequency, force, and length of objections by Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North's counsel to questions asked by congressmen contrasted sharply with the muzzle put on counsel before SISS thirty-five years earlier.

25. SISS/IPR, 2947.

26. Ibid., 2926.

27. Ibid., 2933-35.

28. Ibid., 3022-33. During the Iran-Contra hearings in Washington in July 1987, the frequency, force, and length of objections by Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North's counsel to questions asked by congressmen contrasted sharply with the muzzle put on counsel before SISS thirty-five years earlier.

25. SISS/IPR, 2947.

26. Ibid., 2926.

27. Ibid., 2933-35.

28. Ibid., 3022-33. During the Iran-Contra hearings in Washington in July 1987, the frequency, force, and length of objections by Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North's counsel to questions asked by congressmen contrasted sharply with the muzzle put on counsel before SISS thirty-five years earlier.

29. SISS/IPR, 2899.

30. Ibid., 3038, 3041.

31. Ibid., 3041-42.

32. Ibid., 3084.

33. Ibid., 3095-96.

34. Ibid., 3123-25.

35. Ibid., 3426. The McCarran demand that Lattimore answer without thinking appears on page 3527.

36. Ibid., 3426.

29. SISS/IPR, 2899.

30. Ibid., 3038, 3041.

31. Ibid., 3041-42.

32. Ibid., 3084.

33. Ibid., 3095-96.

34. Ibid., 3123-25.

35. Ibid., 3426. The McCarran demand that Lattimore answer without thinking appears on page 3527.

36. Ibid., 3426.

29. SISS/IPR, 2899.

30. Ibid., 3038, 3041.

31. Ibid., 3041-42.

32. Ibid., 3084.

33. Ibid., 3095-96.

34. Ibid., 3123-25.

35. Ibid., 3426. The McCarran demand that Lattimore answer without thinking appears on page 3527.

36. Ibid., 3426.

29. SISS/IPR, 2899.

30. Ibid., 3038, 3041.

31. Ibid., 3041-42.

32. Ibid., 3084.

33. Ibid., 3095-96.

34. Ibid., 3123-25.

35. Ibid., 3426. The McCarran demand that Lattimore answer without thinking appears on page 3527.

36. Ibid., 3426.

29. SISS/IPR, 2899.

30. Ibid., 3038, 3041.

31. Ibid., 3041-42.

32. Ibid., 3084.

33. Ibid., 3095-96.

34. Ibid., 3123-25.

35. Ibid., 3426. The McCarran demand that Lattimore answer without thinking appears on page 3527.

36. Ibid., 3426.

29. SISS/IPR, 2899.

30. Ibid., 3038, 3041.

31. Ibid., 3041-42.

32. Ibid., 3084.

33. Ibid., 3095-96.

34. Ibid., 3123-25.

35. Ibid., 3426. The McCarran demand that Lattimore answer without thinking appears on page 3527.

36. Ibid., 3426.

29. SISS/IPR, 2899.

30. Ibid., 3038, 3041.

31. Ibid., 3041-42.

32. Ibid., 3084.

33. Ibid., 3095-96.

34. Ibid., 3123-25.

35. Ibid., 3426. The McCarran demand that Lattimore answer without thinking appears on page 3527.

36. Ibid., 3426.

29. SISS/IPR, 2899.

30. Ibid., 3038, 3041.

31. Ibid., 3041-42.

32. Ibid., 3084.

33. Ibid., 3095-96.

34. Ibid., 3123-25.

35. Ibid., 3426. The McCarran demand that Lattimore answer without thinking appears on page 3527.

36. Ibid., 3426.

37. Arnold, Fair Fights and Foul , 216.

38. Olney Oral History, Bancroft Library, University of California, 358, 362.

39. SISS/IPR, 3262.

40. "Lattimore Lashes Out at Committee," Washington Post , February 27, 1952; "Lattimore the Witness," New York Times , March 2, 1952.

41. SISS/IPR, 2919, 2924.

42. Ibid., 2988.

43. Ibid., 3006.

44. Ibid., 3078.

45. Ibid., 3085.

41. SISS/IPR, 2919, 2924.

42. Ibid., 2988.

43. Ibid., 3006.

44. Ibid., 3078.

45. Ibid., 3085.

41. SISS/IPR, 2919, 2924.

42. Ibid., 2988.

43. Ibid., 3006.

44. Ibid., 3078.

45. Ibid., 3085.

41. SISS/IPR, 2919, 2924.

42. Ibid., 2988.

43. Ibid., 3006.

44. Ibid., 3078.

45. Ibid., 3085.

41. SISS/IPR, 2919, 2924.

42. Ibid., 2988.

43. Ibid., 3006.

44. Ibid., 3078.

45. Ibid., 3085.

46. Fairbank, Chinabound , 347; SISS/IPR, 3721, 3718; Fairbank, Chinabound , 345.

47. SISS/IPR, 3720.

48. See note 17.

49. SISS/IPR, 3199, 3125, 3130, 3126, 3290.

50. Ibid., 3674-76.

51. Ibid., 3677, 3679.

49. SISS/IPR, 3199, 3125, 3130, 3126, 3290.

50. Ibid., 3674-76.

51. Ibid., 3677, 3679.

49. SISS/IPR, 3199, 3125, 3130, 3126, 3290.

50. Ibid., 3674-76.

51. Ibid., 3677, 3679.

52. "Senators Accuse Lattimore of Untruths in Testimony," New York Times , March 22,1952; Baltimore Sun , March 23, 1952; Owens, "The Committee versus the Professor," Baltimore Sun , March 24, 1952.

53. Lattimore to Vincent, May 7, 1952, LP.

54. Tuchman to Lattimore, February 27, 1952, LP.

55. Vincent to Lattimore, March 28, 1952, LP.

56. "No Action on Lattimore Planned," New York Times , March 29, 1952.

1. For Matusow's career, see Caute, Great Fear , 133-38, O'Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans , 236-40; and Albert Kahn, Matusow Affair .

2. Matusow, False Witness , 102-6.

3. SISS/IPR, 3823-47; Olney Oral History, 364.

4. SISS/IPR, 4523.

5. Ibid., 3634.

6. Ibid., 3973-76.

7. Ibid., 3993.

8. Ibid., 3997.

9. Ibid., 3984.

4. SISS/IPR, 4523.

5. Ibid., 3634.

6. Ibid., 3973-76.

7. Ibid., 3993.

8. Ibid., 3997.

9. Ibid., 3984.

4. SISS/IPR, 4523.

5. Ibid., 3634.

6. Ibid., 3973-76.

7. Ibid., 3993.

8. Ibid., 3997.

9. Ibid., 3984.

4. SISS/IPR, 4523.

5. Ibid., 3634.

6. Ibid., 3973-76.

7. Ibid., 3993.

8. Ibid., 3997.

9. Ibid., 3984.

4. SISS/IPR, 4523.

5. Ibid., 3634.

6. Ibid., 3973-76.

7. Ibid., 3993.

8. Ibid., 3997.

9. Ibid., 3984.

4. SISS/IPR, 4523.

5. Ibid., 3634.

6. Ibid., 3973-76.

7. Ibid., 3993.

8. Ibid., 3997.

9. Ibid., 3984.

10. FBI/OL, 3494.

11. SISS/IPR, 4033-71, 4159-4288, 4358-91, 4455-78.

12. Ibid., 4478-88.

13. Ibid., 4487.

11. SISS/IPR, 4033-71, 4159-4288, 4358-91, 4455-78.

12. Ibid., 4478-88.

13. Ibid., 4487.

11. SISS/IPR, 4033-71, 4159-4288, 4358-91, 4455-78.

12. Ibid., 4478-88.

13. Ibid., 4487.

14. FBI/OL, 3171. For more about Nyman, see Simpson, Blowback , 241-43.

15. FBI/OL, 3519.

16. FBI/OL, 3171.

17. SISS/IPR, 3519.

18. SISS/IPR, 4517-18.

19. Ibid., 4518-19.

20. Ibid., 4496.

21. Ibid., 4511-12.

18. SISS/IPR, 4517-18.

19. Ibid., 4518-19.

20. Ibid., 4496.

21. Ibid., 4511-12.

18. SISS/IPR, 4517-18.

19. Ibid., 4518-19.

20. Ibid., 4496.

21. Ibid., 4511-12.

18. SISS/IPR, 4517-18.

19. Ibid., 4518-19.

20. Ibid., 4496.

21. Ibid., 4511-12.

22. De Silva, Sub Rosa , 17.

23. "Cold War in Russia on Soviet Is Noted," New York Times , December 7, 1952; "Hiss' Red Tie Held Known to Dulles," New York Times , December 18, 1952.

24. FBI/OL, 3617, 3618.

25. FBI/OL, 3604. For a full account of the Jarvinen affair and its legal outcome, see Newman, "Red Scare in Seattle, 1952."

26. FBI/OL, 3608.

27. FBI/OL, 3606, 3585.

28. FBI/OL, 3601, 3666.

29. Ward, "U.S. Lays Lattimore Travel Ban to 'Official' Word He Planned Trip behind Iron Curtain," Baltimore Sun , June 21, 1952.

30. Ibid.

29. Ward, "U.S. Lays Lattimore Travel Ban to 'Official' Word He Planned Trip behind Iron Curtain," Baltimore Sun , June 21, 1952.

30. Ibid.

31. FBI/OL, 3617.

32. Sentner, "Lattimore Tip from Seattle," Seattle Post-Intelligencer , June 22, 1952.

33. FBI/OL, 3627.

34. Guthman, "False Tip on Lattimore Given by Employee of Travel Agency Here," Seattle Daily Times , June 26, 1952.

35. New York Times , June 27, 1952.

36. Sperber, Murrow , 387.

37. "Two U.S. Agents in Contempt of Court in Jarvinen Case," Seattle Daily Times , September 23, 1952.

38. FBI/OL, 3652.

39. SISS/IPR, 4763-4808.

40. Buckley, "Owen Lattimore and the 'Cold War,'" 54; Minutes, Senate Judiciary Committee, July 1, 1952, 82d Cong., RG 46, NA.

41. Congressional Record , July 2, 1952, 82d Cong., 2d sess., 8860, 8863.

42. SISS/IPR Report , 223-25.

43. "Senate Unit Calls Lattimore Agent of Red Conspiracy," New York Times , July 3, 1952; "Senate Report Calls Lattimore Soviet Conspiracy Instrument, Recommends Perjury Proceeding," Baltimore Evening Sun , July 2, 1952. See also the discussion of press coverage in Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 97-99.

44. SISS/IPR Report , 21, 190-91.

45. SISS/IPR, 3891.

46. FBI/OL, 3552.

47. Truman to Attorney General, July 5, 1952, White House Central Files, Box 39, HSTL.

48. Westerfield, Foreign Policy and Party Politics , 250, 253.

49. Ibid., 246.

48. Westerfield, Foreign Policy and Party Politics , 250, 253.

49. Ibid., 246.

50. Harper, Politics of Loyalty , 217-19.

51. Kristol, "Ordeal by Menclarity."

52. Rorty and Decter, McCarthy and the Communists , 5 and throughout.

53. De Borchgrave and Moss, The Spike , 158, 208, 415.

1. See chapter 17.

2. FBI/OL, 3017, 3203.

3. FBI/OL, 3538.

4. FBI/OL, 3578.

5. FBINY, Budenz, File 66-6709, Serial 101; FBI/LB, 458.

6. FBI/OL, 3580.

7. Cronin to author, April 17, 1981; FBI/OL, 4769.

8. FBI/OL, 4769.

9. Ibid.

8. FBI/OL, 4769.

9. Ibid.

10. FBI/OL, 3727.

11. The best biography of Cohn is yon Hoffman, Citizen Cobh .

12. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Special Subcommittee to Investigate the Department of Justice, 82d Cong., 2d sess., Hearings on House Resolution 95, part 2, 1782-1812.

13. SISS/IPR, 4627-4737; FBI/OL, 3531.

14. FBI/OL, 3560.

15. FBI/OL, 3562.

16. U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Hearings on the Nomination of James P. McGranery , 25.

17. Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 425.

18. Matusow, False Witness , 107; von Hoffman, Citizen Cohn , 134.

19. Ross L. Malone to Myles J. Lane, September 10, 1952, James P. McGranery Papers, Box 70, Library of Congress.

20. Author interview with Cohn, December 28, 1979; FBI/OL, 3713.

21. Gilbert (Roger Kennedy), "New Light," 11.

22. Author interview with Cohn, December 28, 1979.

23. FBI/OL, 3725.

24. FBI/OL, 3726.

25. FBI/OL, 3730.

26. FBI/OL, 3742.

27. FBI/OL, 3729.

28. FBI/OL, 3749.

29. "M'Granery Pressed on Lattimore Case," New York Times , October 4, 1952.

30. FBI/OL, 3916.

31. FBI/OL, 3758.

32. FBI/OL, 3911.

33. Ibid.

32. FBI/OL, 3911.

33. Ibid.

34. Anastos to Foley, December 1, 1952, Lattimore File, Department of Justice.

35. "Lattimore Faces a Perjury Inquiry," New York Times , December 3, 1952.

36. "Clearing of Spies for U.N. Laid to State Department by Defiant U.S. Jury Here," New York Times , December 3, 1952.

37. FBI/OL, 3919.

38. Menon to Lattimore, May 15, 1952, Lattimore Papers, Hamburger Archives.

39. Lattimore to Beloff, May 19, 1952, Lattimore Papers, Hamburger Archives.

40. Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China , xxxvi.

41. Lattimore, "Inner Asia," 513-14.

42. FBI/OL, 3927.

43. "Lattimore Indicted on Perjury Counts: He Issues a Denial," New York Times , December 17, 1952. My petition to the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia to unseal the 1952 Lattimore grand jury minutes was filed in June 1987 by attorney Patti A. Goldman of the Public Citizen Litigation Group. She had been successful in obtaining the grand jury minutes in the William W. Remington case from the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York for the use of historian Gary May. The D.C. court, however, denied my petition with no hearing and giving no reasons. The court of appeals for the D.C. circuit refused to hear an appeal. Since there are many conflicting district court opinions on release of grand jury minutes, Goldman petitioned the Supreme Court of the United States for a writ of certiorari. See Robert P. Newman v. United States of America, October Term, 1988, No. 88-548. Charles Fried, U.S. solicitor general, filed a brief in opposition, arguing that "this case, and cases like this one, are not exceptional cases, and they do not present a compelling claim for disclosure. . . . Even if dressed up as a significant project of historical scholarship, requests of the type made by petitioner could not easily be distinguished from journalistic in-

quiries . . . or requests based simply on individual or public curiosity." On January 9, 1989, the Court rejected my petition.

44. FBI/OL, 3996.

45. FBI/OL, 3998.

46. Kidd to McGranery, December 16, 1952, McGranery Papers.

47. Farley to Eleanor Lattimore, December 18, 1952, LP.

48. Toynbee to Lattimore, December 19, 1952, LP.

49. Wright to Hill, February 9, 1953, LP.

50. "U.S. Quashes Case M'Carthy Caused," New York Times , May 26, 1954; Shalett, "How to Be a Crime Buster," 502. See also Lamont, Freedom Is as Freedom Does, 156.

1. Edwards, Pat McCarran , chap. 9; "Alien Law Bars 269 of Liberte's Crew," New York Times , December 24, 1952.

2. FBI/OL, no serial number (this is a memo from Nichols to Tolson, February 5, 1953, located behind serial 4143); FBI/OL, 3927.

3. FBI/OL, 3927.

4. U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Herbert Brownell, It., Attorney General-Designate , January 19, 1953, 4.

5. "Issue Raised on Lattimore," Baltimore Sun , January 20, 1953.

6. Cronin to McCarran, January 21, 1953, Lattimore File, Department of Justice.

7. Payne to McCarran, January 28, 1953, Lattimore File, Department of Justice.

8. FBI/OL, 4127.

9. FBI/OL, 4143.

10. McCarran to Hummer, February 16, 1953, SISS Records, RG 46, Box 140, NA.

11. Hummer to McCarran, February 25, 1953, McCarran Papers, Eva Adams Files, University of Nevada, Reno.

12. "Issue Raised on Lattimore," Baltimore Sun , January 20, 1953.

13. Olney Oral History, 359-60.

14. FBI/OL, 4330.

15. FBI/OL, 4481.

16. Author interview with Fortas, March 18, 1981.

17. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 111.

18. Gressley, Voltaire and the Cowboy , 86, 99.

19. Ibid., 86.

18. Gressley, Voltaire and the Cowboy , 86, 99.

19. Ibid., 86.

20. Author interview with Frank, May 15, 1986.

21. On Emerson and Countryman, see Schrecker, No Ivory Tower , 251-53.

22. Thomas I. Emerson Oral History, Columbia University, 2294.

23. Arnold, Fair Fights , 204.

24. Author interview with Fortas, March 18, 1981.

25. Author interview with Rogers, September 18, 1987.

26. FBI/OL, 4077, 4153, 4322.

27. FBI/OL, 4131.

28. "Lattimore Trial Date Set, May Be Changed," Baltimore Evening Sun , February 6, 1953.

29. "Far East Expert Claims Effort m Entrap Him," Baltimore Sun , February 17, 1953. All quotations from the defense brief are from the Sun story. For the full brief, see U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal No. 1879- 52, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Motion by Defendant to Dismiss the Indictment and Memorandum in Support of Motion, filed February 16, 1953.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

29. "Far East Expert Claims Effort m Entrap Him," Baltimore Sun , February 17, 1953. All quotations from the defense brief are from the Sun story. For the full brief, see U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal No. 1879- 52, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Motion by Defendant to Dismiss the Indictment and Memorandum in Support of Motion, filed February 16, 1953.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

29. "Far East Expert Claims Effort m Entrap Him," Baltimore Sun , February 17, 1953. All quotations from the defense brief are from the Sun story. For the full brief, see U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal No. 1879- 52, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Motion by Defendant to Dismiss the Indictment and Memorandum in Support of Motion, filed February 16, 1953.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

32. FBI/OL, 4258, 4620.

33. FBI/OL, 4279, 916, 4418.

34. "M'Carran Opposes Bohlen as Envoy; Wiley Seeks 'Facts,'" New York Times , March 16, 1953.

35. "U.S. Calls Lying Only Lattimore Trial Issue," Baltimore Evening Sun , March 17, 1953.

36. FBI/OL, 4457.

37. "Dashiell Hammett Silent at Inquiry," New York Times , March 27, 1953. For an account of the Cohn-Schine trip to Europe, see Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 488-91.

38. See Esbjornson, Luther W. Youngdahl ; "Luther Youngdahl," Washington Post , June 24, 1978; "Judge Luther Youngdahl," Washington Post , June 22, 1978.

39. "Lattimore's Trial Put Off till October," Baltimore Sun , April 1, 1953.

40. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, April 2, 1953, LP.

41. "OL's Notes on Hearings, March 31 and April 1, 1953," LP.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

41. "OL's Notes on Hearings, March 31 and April 1, 1953," LP.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

41. "OL's Notes on Hearings, March 31 and April 1, 1953," LP.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

41. "OL's Notes on Hearings, March 31 and April 1, 1953," LP.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

45. See note 39.

46. FBI/OL, 4536, 4632, 4781.

47. "McCarthy Critics Challenged by Twenty-eight," New York Times , April 6, 1953.

48. FBI/OL, 4713.

49. "Judge Throws Out Four Perjury Charges against Lattimore," New York Times , May 3, 1953. For the full text, see U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal No. 1879-52, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Memorandum, May 2, 1953.

50. "Judge Also Sees 'Doubt' on Three Counts," Baltimore Sun , May 3, 1953; author interview with Rogers, September 18, 1987.

51. "Judge Throws Out," New York Times , May 3, 1953. Judge Youngdahl gave me the mail he received on his Lattimore rulings. Surprisingly, the congratulatory letters (350) outnumbered the hate letters (123). Only three members of Congress wrote, all approvingly; Senators Hubert Humphrey and J. William Fulbright and Congresswoman Coya Knutson. Many of the favorable letters were from other judges and lawyers. The hate mail was vicious, some of it addressed m "Comrade Youngdahl." Much of it was anonymous, very little of it from professionals. Mrs. Charles Clifton Moses of Bluffton, South Carolina, was consumed by the Lattimore case and Youngdahl's rulings. She wrote four letters to Youngdahl and at least two to Brownell (with copies to Youngdahl) expressing her horror at the "Washington-New York Egghead Axis" that was delivering America to the Communists. One of these letters included a seventeen-page, single-spaced analysis of the IPR and its minions on which she had spent three months of research.

1. Harvey, "Owen Lattimore," 9; author interview with David Spring, October 26, 1982.

2. "The Page School Is Being Closed," New York Times , April 17, 1953.

3. FBI/OL, 4769.

4. Author interview with Smith, June 25, 1984; with Harvey, October 24, 1982; with Shaffer, May 6, 1982.

5. FBI/OL, 4274. Lattimore the Scholar was privately published in Baltimore; copies are located in Arnold and Porter files and LP.

6. "Lattimore Defense Funds Sought," Baltimore Evening Sun , January 10, 1953; Esbjornson, Luther W. Youngdahl , 268.

7. Author interview with Owens, May 6, 1982.

8. FBI/OL, 5052.

9. FBI Headquarters File 100-400471. Owen Lattimore Defense Fund, Serial 6.

10. Ibid., Serials 18, 20.

9. FBI Headquarters File 100-400471. Owen Lattimore Defense Fund, Serial 6.

10. Ibid., Serials 18, 20.

11. Author interview with DeFrancis, November 30, 1977.

12. This is as Lattimore remembered it in 1981.

13. Author interview with Kahin, August 10, 1979.

14. Schrecker, No Ivory Tower , 89.

15. Lazarsfeld and Thielens, Academic Mind , 93; Schrecker, No Ivory Tower , 340.

16. FBI/OL, 4795, 4764.

17. FBI/OL, 4796.

18. "U.S. Files an Appeal in Lattimore's Case," New York Times , May 15, 1953.

19. "Some Questions for AF&P," May 1953, LP.

20. See the description of Flynn in Radosh, Prophets on the Right , chaps. 7-8.

21. "Lattimore Case for the Supreme Court," New York Times , May 17, 1953.

22. FBI/OL, 4872, 3599.

23. FBI/OL, 5135.

24. FBI/OL, 4031.

25. FBI/OL, 5003, 5076.

26. FBI/OL, 5115.

27. FBI/OL, 5169. FBI clearance practices are capricious. Hundreds of documents are denied in toto to protect individuals named in them who may have done something illegal. Yet the incriminating document that shows Rover and Hummer attempting to blackmail a witness to get him to cooperate was released with only the name of the person blackmailed denied.

28. "U.S. Says Quashings in Lattimore Case Violate Basic Law," New York Times , August 25, 1953. For the full text, see U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, No. 11849, Brief for Appellant, filed August 24, 1953.

29. FBI/OL, 5263.

30. FBI/OL, 5259, 5292.

31. FBI/OL, 5304.

32. FBI/OL, 5304, 5370, 5504.

33. Major stories appeared in the New York Times , the Washington Post , and the Baltimore Sun on October 2, 1953. For the full record, see U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, No. 11849, Brief for Appellee, filed October 2, 1953.

34. FBI/OL, 5289.

35. FBI/OL, 5188.

36. FBI/OL, 5322.

37. Ibid.

36. FBI/OL, 5322.

37. Ibid.

38. Memorandum for the Attorney General, November 4, 1953, Ann Whitman Diary Series, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.

39. Ibid.

38. Memorandum for the Attorney General, November 4, 1953, Ann Whitman Diary Series, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.

39. Ibid.

40. FBINY, Budenz, 66-6709-B-119.

41. Herbert Brownell Oral History, Columbia University Library, New York, 297-98.

42. Olney Oral History, 364.

43. FBI/OL, 5600.

44. "U.S. Again Urges Lattimore Action," Baltimore Sun , November 13, 1953; FBI/OL, 5336.

45. "Second Book Banned in Town," New York Times , November 14, 1953.

46. FBI/OL, 5365.

47. SISS/IPR, 3131.

48. SISS/IPR, 3132.

49. FBI/OL, 1380, 5718.

50. FBI/OL, 5059, 5855.

51. FBI/OL, 2288; MacKinnon and MacKinnon, Agnes Smedley , 228; and Steve MacKinnon to author, September 1, 1988.

52. FBI/OL, 5263.

53. FBI/OL, 5455.

54. FBI/OL, 5546.

55. FBI/OL, 5547.

56. FBI/OL, 5752.

57. FBI/OL, 5842.

58. FBI/OL, 5921, 5946.

59. FBI/OL, 6347.

60. FBI/OL, 6348.

61. FBI/OL, 6347.

62. The FBI files have five major reports on the Holabird investigation: Serials 5455, 5460, 5505, 5519, 5551.

63. "Court Weighs Plea in Lattimore Case," Baltimore Evening Sun , January 26, 1954.

64. "U.S. Fights Ruling in Lattimore Case," New York Times , January 26, 1954.

65. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, January 29, 1954, LP.

66. See Adams, Without Precedent . This is the best and most accurate account of the Army-McCarthy fracas.

67. Eleanor Lattimore m Stefanssons, March 10, 1954, LP.

68. "M'Carran Warns on Reds," New York Times , May 2, 1954.

69. FBI/OL, 5874; "Lattimore Upheld on Battle to Kill Key Count in Case," New York Times , July 9, 1954.

70. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, No. 11849, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, decided July 8, 1954, 2-4.

71. Ibid., 10-13.

72. Ibid., 14, 29-30.

73. Ibid., 31-33, 37.

74. Ibid., 40-43.

75. Ibid., 2-4.

70. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, No. 11849, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, decided July 8, 1954, 2-4.

71. Ibid., 10-13.

72. Ibid., 14, 29-30.

73. Ibid., 31-33, 37.

74. Ibid., 40-43.

75. Ibid., 2-4.

70. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, No. 11849, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, decided July 8, 1954, 2-4.

71. Ibid., 10-13.

72. Ibid., 14, 29-30.

73. Ibid., 31-33, 37.

74. Ibid., 40-43.

75. Ibid., 2-4.

70. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, No. 11849, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, decided July 8, 1954, 2-4.

71. Ibid., 10-13.

72. Ibid., 14, 29-30.

73. Ibid., 31-33, 37.

74. Ibid., 40-43.

75. Ibid., 2-4.

70. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, No. 11849, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, decided July 8, 1954, 2-4.

71. Ibid., 10-13.

72. Ibid., 14, 29-30.

73. Ibid., 31-33, 37.

74. Ibid., 40-43.

75. Ibid., 2-4.

70. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, No. 11849, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, decided July 8, 1954, 2-4.

71. Ibid., 10-13.

72. Ibid., 14, 29-30.

73. Ibid., 31-33, 37.

74. Ibid., 40-43.

75. Ibid., 2-4.

76. New York Times , July 9, 1954.

77. "Dismissal of Key Lattimore Perjury Charge Upheld," Baltimore Evening Sun , July 8, 1954; "Court on Lattimore," New York Times , July 11, 1954.

78. FBI/OL, 5959.

79. FBI/OL, 5972.

80. FBI/OL, 5985.

81. FBI/OL, 5992.

82. FBI/OL, 5993.

83. FBI/OL, 6045.

84. FBI/OL, 6054.

85. FBI/OL, 6057; "Lattimore Facing a New Indictment," New York Times , August 20, 1954.

86. Fortas to Lattimore, August 25, 1954, LP.

87. Lattimore to Barbara Holgate, September 19, 1954, LP.

88. FBI/OL, 6065.

89. FBI/OL, 6069.

90. FBI/OL, 5536; Records of the SISS, Memo from Ben Mandel to Jay Sourwine, June 20, 1952, RG 46, Box 139, HA.

91. Charles B. Murray to Hoover, January 30, 1953, Lattimore File, Justice Department.

92. FBI/OL, 4271.

93. FBI/OL, 4680, 4974.

94. FBI/OL, 5040.

95. George to author, February 9, 1985.

96. FBI/OL, 5040.

97. FBI/OL, 5134, 5154.

98. FBI/OL, 5426, 5362, 5426.

99. FBI/OL, 5512.

100. Ballantine Oral History, 215, 216.

101. Dallin, Soviet Russia , 220, 229, 330; Dallin, "Writings of Owen Lattimore," 11; Dallin, "Henry Wallace and Chinese Communism," 14; Wallace to Daniel James, October 23, 1951, Alsop Papers; Alsop to Arthur G. McDowell, October 25, 1951, Alsop Papers.

102. Poppe, Reminiscences , 214.

103. See the listing in Who Was Who in America , vol. 3, 1951-60 (Chicago: Marquis, 1961), 841.

104. Emerson, review of War and Peace , by Taracouzio, 569; T. A. Taracouzio, War and Peace , 259, 273.

105. FBI/OL, 6089.

106. FBI/OL, 6163.

107. Joseph W. Ballantine Papers, Box 2, Hoover Institution, Stanford University. This document is not paginated.

108. Lattimore, Solution in Asia , 158-59, 170, 173, 191, 198, 205.

109. FBI/OL, 6069.

1. FBI/OL, 5986.

2. "M'Carthy Accepts Cohn Resignation, Transfers Surine," New York Times , July 21, 1954. "Resignation" is a euphemism; the committee members forced Cohn out.

3. Gibney, "After the Ball."

4. Speech of Alfred Kohlberg at dinner honoring Roy M. Cohn, July 28, 1954, William Knowland Papers, Far East Files Carton 2, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

5. Rover to McCarran, August 24, 1954, Eva Adams Papers.

6. FBI/OL, 6108.

7. Field, From Right to Left , 266.

8. FBI/OL, 6171.

9. FBI/OL, 6172.

10. "Senator McCarran Is Dead in Nevada," New York Times , September 29, 1954.

11. U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Grand Jury Impaneled July 2, 1954, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, True Bill, returned October 7, 1954, 3-4.

12. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, No. 12,609, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Brief of Appellee, filed November 18, 1954, 8.

13. "Owen Lattimore Is Indicted Again in Perjury Case," New York Times , October 8, 1954. All major papers headlined the indictment.

14. FBI/OL, 6177.

15. "U.S. Attorney Asks Judge to Step Out of Lattimore Case," New York Times , October 14, 1954.

16. U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal No. 1879-52, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Motion to Strike Affidavit of Bias and Prejudice, October 14, 1954.

17. "Brownell Backs Attack on Judge," New York Times , October 15, 1954.

18. "Lattimore Move Attacked by U.S.," New York Times , October 21, 1954.

19. U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal Nos. 1016-54 and 1879-52, Motions, Official Transcript, October 22, 1954, 16; "Lattimore Judge Scored in Hearing," New York Times , October 23, 1954.

20. See case information cited in note 19.

21. Anderson, Confessions of a Muckraker , 194; see also Reeves, Joe McCarthy , chap. 10.

22. FBI/OL, 6200: "Judge Calls Bias Charge Scandalous," Baltimore Sun , October 24, 1954.

23. FBI/OL, 6209; U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, No. 12,609, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Brief of Appellee, November 18, 1954, 7.

24. "British Interest in Case High," New York Times , October 29, 1954.

25. "O'Mahoney Holds Lead in Wyoming," New York Times , October 24, 1954.

26. "Inquiry Asked on Judge Attack," New York Times , October 30, 1954; "Lattimore Trial Inquiry Set," New York Times , November 21, 1954; FBI/OL, 6270.

27. "Rayburn Cites Inquiry Fields," New York Times , November 5, 1954.

28. White, "G.O.P. Future Involved in the M'Carthy Case," New York Times , November 7, 1954.

29. "Dulles Dismisses Davies as a Risk; Loyalty Not Issue," New York Times ,

November 6, 1954; see also John W. Finney, "The Long Trial of John Paton Davies," New York Times Magazine , August 31, 1969. Author interview with Davies, April 26, 1981.

30. FBI/OL, 6256, 6251. Hummer is probably wrong; Solicitor General Simon Sobeloff probably made this decision. See "Youngdahl Fight Is Dropped by U.S.," New York Times , November 18, 1954.

31. "Youngdahl Bids U.S. Admit Error," New York Times , November 19, 1954; "Lattimore Counsel Ask Youngdahl Test," New York Times , November 20, 1954.

32. FBI/OL, 6284.

33. FBI/OL, 6278.

34. "Final Vote Condemns M'Carthy," New York Times , December 3, 1954.

35. "Lattimore Urges Quashing of Case," New York Times , December 14, 1954.

36. FBI/OL, 6365, 6379.

37. Straight, After Long Silence , 281.

38. Ibid., 282.

37. Straight, After Long Silence , 281.

38. Ibid., 282.

39. Stein, "Communication," 22.

40. Harrington, "The Committee for Cultural Freedom," 119-20; see also McAuliffe, Crisis on the Left , 126-27; FBI/OL, 6406; "U.S. Files Evidence in Lattimore Case," New York Times , January 8, 1955; FBI/OL, 6457.

41. U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal No. 1016-54, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Memorandum Opinion, filed January 18, 1955; see also "Judge Youngdahl Drops Second Charge in Lattimore Case," New York Times , January 19, 1954.

42. "New Lattimore Count Dismissed, Called Too Obscure," Baltimore Evening Sun , January 18, 1955.

43. FBI/OL, 6462.

44. FBI/OL, 6475; informant downgradings appear in serials 6595, 6598, 6603, 6611, 6616, 6620, 6621, 6631, 6632, 6635, 6642, 6643, 6644, 6648, 6649. One informant downgrading report has no serial number.

45. "U.S. Plans Appeal in Lattimore Case," New York Times , February 5, 1955; FBI/OL, 6506, 6509.

46. "Lattimore Talks Slated in Europe," Baltimore Sun , April 23, 1955.

47. FBI/OL, 6556, 6567, 6571.

48. FBI/OL, 6580, 6592.

49. Telephone call from Governor Adams, May 17, 1955, Eisenhower Telephone Calls Series, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.

50. Memorandum of Telephone Conversation with the Attorney General, May 18, 1955, John Foster Dulles General Correspondence and Memoranda Series, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.

51. Memorandum of Telephone Conversation with Mr. Sherman Adams, May 18, 1955, John Foster Dulles General Correspondence and Memoranda Series, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.

52. Telephone Call to the President, May 18, 1955, John Foster Dulles Telephone Calls Series, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.

53. "Passport Ban Hit by Einstein Aide," New York Times , May 21, 1955.

54. Tompkins to Hoover, March 28, 1955, Lattimore File, Department of Justice; FBI/OL, 6565; FBI/OL, 6646.

55. "Lattimore Case Again Appealed," New York Times , April 12, 1955; FBI/OL, 6589.

56. "Complex Points in Lattimore Case Argued before Full Appeals Bench,"

Washington Post , June 2,1955; William D. Rogers to John P. Frank, June 9, 1955, Lattimore Files, Arnold and Porter.

57. FBI/OL, 6654.

58. FBI/OL, 6654, 6704.

59. FBI/OL, 6662.

60. FBI/OL, 6692.

61. "Court of Appeals Upholds Dismissal of Two Key Lattimore Perjury Charges," Washington Post , June 15, 1955; "Lattimore Wins New Court Test," New York Times , June 15, 1955.

62. Author interview with Rogers, September 18, 1987.

63. "Writer's Conviction Set Aside Because Red Query Was 'Vague,'" New York Times , December 21, 1956.

64. FBI/OL, 6671.

65. "Lattimore Perjury Case Dropped by Government," New York Times , June 29, 1955.

66. FBI/OL, 6673.

67. Author interview with Youngdahl, December 3, 1977.

68. FBI/OL, 6689.

69. Sullivan, Bureau , 45-46.

70. Author interview with Cohn, December 28, 1979.

71. Olney Oral History, 360-61.

72. Gilbert, "Judge Youngdahl Wins," 6.

73. Lattimore to O'Mahoney, July 13, 1955, O'Mahoney Papers, Box 184, Coe Library, University of Wyoming.

1. Francis White to John Nelson, September 19, 1955, Special Collections, White Papers, Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University.

2. John Nelson to Francis White, September 14, 1955, White Papers.

3. Author interview with David Spring, October 26, 1982.

4. "Lattimore Talk Shifted," New York Times , December 7, 1955.

5. "Lattimore, in Hartford, Says He Has Stock in Company That Denied Him Auditorium," New York Times , December 17, 1955.

6. A text of this speech, including "revisions made as delivered at a dinner sponsored by the Citizens Committee to Preserve Academic Freedoms, Saturday, March 24, 1956, at Hollywood Athletic Club," is in the J. B. Matthews Papers. All quotations are from this text.

7. Author interview with David Lattimore, August 31, 1987.

8. Lattimore to Bernhard, October 26, 1955, LP.

9. Bernhard to Lattimore, April 6, 1956, LP.

10. Lattimore to Bernhard, March 1, 1956, LP.

11. Lattimore to Bernhard, August 29, 1956, LP.

12. Lattimore to Bernhard, December 29, 1956, LP.

13. Lattimore to Bernhard, June 25, 1957, LP. For a full analysis of Lattimore's beliefs about Point Four (development) aid, see Cotton, Asian Frontier Nationalism , 108-10.

14. Lattimore to Barretts, December 26, 1956, LP.

15. Ibid.

14. Lattimore to Barretts, December 26, 1956, LP.

15. Ibid.

16. Milton Eisenhower to Lattimore, January 22, 1957, Eisenhower Papers, Special Collections, Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University.

17. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, March 17, 1957, LP.

18. Lattimore, review of To Lhasa and Beyond , by Giusseppe Tucci, Pacific Affairs 31 (December 1958): 418.

19. "McCarthy Target Finally Cleared," Washington Post , May 8, 1960.

20. William D. Rogers to Lattimore, October 22, 1959, LP.

21. Institute of Pacific Relations v. U.S., 5 AFTR 2d 1333.

22. Lattimore to Tikhvinskii, September 15, 1959, Lattimore File, CIA.

23. Lattimore, Nomads and Commissars , xviii. Despite the invitation and a warm reception when Lattimore got there, Mongol officials were still very divided in their opinions about him. According to Harrison Salisbury, who was in Ulan Bator in December 1961, Lattimore's picture "still hung in the State Revolutionary Museum, along with that of Roy Chapman Andrews, as an enemy of the Mongol people"; "Lattimore of the C.I.A.," New York Times , August 27, 1989.

24. "Lattimore to Visit Outer Mongolia," New York Times , March 20, 1961.

25. Lattimore, Nomads and Commissars , xix.

26. Owen Lattimore to David Lattimore (father), July 2, 1961, Lattimore File, CIA.

27. Ibid.

26. Owen Lattimore to David Lattimore (father), July 2, 1961, Lattimore File, CIA.

27. Ibid.

28. Owen Lattimore to David Lattimore (son), July 17, 1961, Lattimore File, CIA.

29. Lattimore to William O. Douglas, Aug. 4, 1961, Douglas Papers, Box 350, Library of Congress.

30. Owen and Eleanor Lattimore, Silks, Spices, and Empire , 1.

31. Douglas, Go East, Young Man , 382.

32. Eleanor Lattimore to Mercedes Douglas, September 1, 1961, Douglas Papers.

33. "Outer Mongolia's Status," New York Times , May 2, 1961; Bachrack, Committee of One Million , 202-3; see Hilsman's account, To Move a Nation , 305-7.

34. "Mongolia Celebration United Old and New," Washington Post , July 12, 1961; "Finds Softening in Red Stand," Washington Star , July 13, 1961.

35. "Sokolsky Scores Double Trickery," Brooklyn Tablet , July 29, 1961.

36. Rowe to Eastland, August 9, 1961, Records of the SISS, Box 140, RG 46, NA; Eastland to Rowe, August 17, 1961, Records of the SISS.

37. "U.S. Cancels Plan for Mongolia Tie," New York Times , August 12, 1961.

38. "Dodd Urges Senate to Investigate Owen Lattimore's Visit to Mongolia," Washington Post , August 23, 1961; "Lattimore Trip Hit," New York Times , August 23, 1961.

39. "Mongolia Tie Urged by Justice Douglas," New York Times , August 30, 1961.

40. Lattimore, Nomads and Commissars , chaps. 6-7. For a critical view of this book, see Cotton, Asian Frontier Nationalism , chap. 7.

41. See Lattimore's tribute to Stefansson, Polar Notes , November 1962, 47-48.

42. "Lattimore to Teach at Leeds U.," New York Times , November 13, 1962.

43. Lattimore to Pankratov, February 18, 1963, Lattimore File, CIA.

44. Graves to Lattimore, February 23, 1963, LP.

45. Author interview with David Spring, October 26, 1982.

46. Author interview with Wickwire, May 6, 1982; Harvey, "Owen Lattimore," 10.

47. Author interview with Heinrichs, August 3, 1978.

1. Eleanor Lattimore to Betty Barnes, August 13, 1963, Barnes private papers.

2. Eleanor Lattimore to Evelyn Stefansson, June 25, 1963, Nef private papers.

3. "Buddhist Leader Is Ill of Cancer in New Haven," New York Times , August 13, 1963.

4. Lattimore, From China Looking Outward , 24-25.

5. The text of his address is attached to Lattimore to Joseph Needham, December 1, 1963, LP.

6. Lattimore to Bernhard, December 15, 1963, LP.

7. Farnsworth, "Lattimore Holds Chair in Britain," New York Times , March 1, 1964.

8. Lattimore to Bernhard, June 30, 1964, LP.

9. "No Grudges, Lattimore Says," Washington Star , May 20, 1964.

10. Lattimore to Graves, March 6, 1964, LP.

11. Lattimore to Graves, October 7, 1964, LP.

12. Lattimore and Isono, Diluv Khutagt , 15-16.

13. Ibid., 15.

12. Lattimore and Isono, Diluv Khutagt , 15-16.

13. Ibid., 15.

14. Typed note headed "New York Times, April 9, 1965," Lattimore File, CIA.

15. "Lattimore Warns of Disaster in Asia," New York Times , April 9, 1965.

16. "Lattimore Disputed on U.S. Role in Asia," New York Times , April 20, 1965; Morris, "Lattimore Is Back," Wanderer , April 29, 1965; "Lattimore Joins Peking Amity Club," Washington Post , April 19, 1965.

17. Moss, "Lattimore Happy in English University Post," Washington Sunday Star , June 13, 1965.

18. Lattimore to Barnes, September 12, 1965, Barnes private papers.

19. Lattimore to Barnes, December 25, 1965, Barnes private papers; Lattimore to Barnes, January 11, 1966, Barnes private papers.

20. "Lattimore Calls U.S. Policy in Asia an Increasingly Disastrous Failure," New York Times , March 27, 1966.

21. Lattimore, "Vietnam: An Investor's View," Value Line , June 1966; Bernhard to Lattimore, June 23, 1966, LP.

22. Lattimore to Bernhard, January 26, 1967, LP.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid. As we now know, Fortas was not as profoundly discreet at this stage of his life as Lattimore thought he was.

22. Lattimore to Bernhard, January 26, 1967, LP.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid. As we now know, Fortas was not as profoundly discreet at this stage of his life as Lattimore thought he was.

22. Lattimore to Bernhard, January 26, 1967, LP.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid. As we now know, Fortas was not as profoundly discreet at this stage of his life as Lattimore thought he was.

25. Lattimore to David Lattimore, September 9, 1966, LP.

26. Lattimore to Barnes, November 17, 1966, Barnes private papers.

27. Lattimore to Rogers, October 10, 1966, LP. Enoch Powell was a British counterpart of Barry Goldwater.

28. Lattimore, introduction to Turkestan Reunion , AMS edition, xiii.

29. "Lattimore Says U.S. Fails on Intelligence," Boston Herald Traveler , April 1, 1968.

30. Author interview with Brian Hook, September 3, 1986.

31. American Historical Association, Perspectives , November 1987, 8.

32. Madame Sun (Soong Ch'ing-ling) to Lattimore, February 13, 1968, LP.

33. Lattimore to Bernhard, December 9, 1968, LP.

34. Lattimore to Barnes, November 17, 1966, Barnes private papers.

35. Eleanor Lattimore to Evelyn Stefansson Nef, January 9, 1969, Nef private papers.

36. Lattimore to David Lattimore, October 12, 1969, LP.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

36. Lattimore to David Lattimore, October 12, 1969, LP.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

36. Lattimore to David Lattimore, October 12, 1969, LP.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

39. Lattimore to Barnes, October 20, 1969, LP.

40. Lattimore to John Nef, November 6, 1969, Nef private papers.

1. Lattimore, preface to Turkestan Reunion , AMS edition, xv.

2. Lattimore to Nef, May 15, 1970, Nef private papers.

3. Lattimore to Okladnikov, March 27, 1970, Lattimore File, CIA.

4. Snow to Lattimores, May 20, 1970, LP; Lattimore, introduction to China Shakes the World , by Belden, ix-xvi.

5. Lattimore, introduction to China Shakes the World , by Belden, xi. For a contrasting view of Snow's relationship to the PRC, see Fang Lizhi, "The Chinese Amnesia," New York Review of Books 37 (September 27, 1990), 30-31.

6. Lattimore, introduction to China Shakes the World , by Belden, xv, x, xvi.

7. Snow to Lattimores, May 20, 1970, LP.

8. Lattimore to Nefs, June 14, 1970, Nef private papers.

9. Lattimore to Peive, June 26, 1970, Lattimore File, CIA; Lattimore to Nefs, July 1, 1970, Nef private papers.

10. Lattimore to Rogers, August 22, 1970, LP.

11. Lattimore to Rogers, August 24, 1970, LP.

12. Lattimore to Rogers, August 26, 1970, LP.

13. Ibid.

12. Lattimore to Rogers, August 26, 1970, LP.

13. Ibid.

14. Lattimore to Rogers, September 14, 1970, LP.

15. Lattimore to Rogers, October 9, 1970, LP.

16. Lattimore to Rogers, October 11, 1970, LP.

17. Lattimore to Nefs, October 13, 1970, Nef private papers.

18. Lattimore to Rogers, October 21, 1970, LP.

19. Lattimore to Rogers, October 25, 1970, LP.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

19. Lattimore to Rogers, October 25, 1970, LP.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

19. Lattimore to Rogers, October 25, 1970, LP.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Lattimore to Piels, January 16, 1971, Piel private papers.

23. Snow to Lattimore, February 15, 1971, LP.

24. Nyman to Lattimore, April 30, 1971, LP.

25. Rogers to Nyman, June 4, 1971, LP.

26. Lattimore to Rogers, June 6, 1971, LP.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

26. Lattimore to Rogers, June 6, 1971, LP.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

26. Lattimore to Rogers, June 6, 1971, LP.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

29. "U.S. Concept of Confrontation Dangerous," Mainichi Daily News (Tokyo), June 8, 1971.

30. Lattimore to Rogers, June 8, 1971, LP.

31. Lattimore to Rogers, June 12, 1971, LP.

32. Lattimore to Rogers, June 20, 1971, LP.

33. Ibid.

32. Lattimore to Rogers, June 20, 1971, LP.

33. Ibid.

34. Lattimore to Rogers, June 25, 1971, LP.

35. Lattimore to Rogers, July 1, 1971, LP.

36. Lattimore to Rogers, July 8, 1971, LP.

37. Ibid.

36. Lattimore to Rogers, July 8, 1971, LP.

37. Ibid.

38. Lattimore to Rogers, July 12, 1971, LP.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

38. Lattimore to Rogers, July 12, 1971, LP.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

38. Lattimore to Rogers, July 12, 1971, LP.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

41. Lattimore to Rogers, July 22, 1971, LP.

42. Ibid.

41. Lattimore to Rogers, July 22, 1971, LP.

42. Ibid.

43. Lattimore to Rogers, July 28, 1971, LP.

44. Lattimore to Rogers, July 31, 1971, LP.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid.

44. Lattimore to Rogers, July 31, 1971, LP.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid.

44. Lattimore to Rogers, July 31, 1971, LP.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid.

47. "Lattimore to Seek China-trip Visa," Baltimore Sun , December 10, 1971.

48. Ibid.

47. "Lattimore to Seek China-trip Visa," Baltimore Sun , December 10, 1971.

48. Ibid.

49. Piel to author, August 22, 1988.

50. Lattimore to Rogers, February 22, 1972, LP.

51. "Owen Lattimore Asks: 'To Right What Wrong?'" New York Times , March 23, 1972.

52. Memorandum for Acting Chief, Production Group, from [name deleted] China Political and Military Branch, Trip Report, April 11, 1972, Lattimore File, CIA.

53. Budenz, Bolshevik Invasion of the West , incorporates most of the paranoid fantasies of the far Right. We were losing in Vietnam because Wall Street and the business community had joined the pacifists and Communist sympathizers. Television commercials were also doing us in. Germany was our only genuine ally. Jack Stachel and Alexander Bittelman, prominent leaders of the American Communist party, dictated what the United States did. There are eight references to Lattimore, including the "mere agrarian reformers" line and the charge that the Lattimore indictment was "squashed" by the kindly disposition of the courts to communism. The Margaret Budenz comment is from Streets , 434.

54. "Louis Budenz, Communist Who Aided Sen. McCarthy," Washington Evening Star , April 28, 1972.

55. House Joint Economic Committee, Hearings on Economic Developments in Mainland China , 54.

56. Author interview with David Lattimore, October 26, 1987.

57. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, "Owen Lattimore at Peking Dinner," August 30, 1972, Lattimore File, CIA.

58. Lattimore to Rogers, September 4, 1972, LP; Lattimore to Rogers, September 25, 1972, LP.

59. See Stanley Karnow, "U.S. Seen Aiming to Bolster Chou against His Enemies," Washington Post , March 16, 1972.

60. Michael Lattimore to author, August 3, 1988.

61. Ibid.

60. Michael Lattimore to author, August 3, 1988.

61. Ibid.

62. "Lattimore Leaves for North China," Washington Post , September 11, 1972; Lattimore to Rogers, September 12, 1972, LP; Lattimore to Rogers, September 25, 1972, LP.

63. Lattimore to Rogers, October 5, 1972, LP.

64. Ibid. See Lattimore, "Return to China's Northern Frontier," for another account of this trip.

63. Lattimore to Rogers, October 5, 1972, LP.

64. Ibid. See Lattimore, "Return to China's Northern Frontier," for another account of this trip.

65. Michael Lattimore to author, August 3, 1988.

66. Ibid.

65. Michael Lattimore to author, August 3, 1988.

66. Ibid.

67. Lattimore to Rogers, November 1972, LP.

68. Ibid.

69. Ibid.

67. Lattimore to Rogers, November 1972, LP.

68. Ibid.

69. Ibid.

67. Lattimore to Rogers, November 1972, LP.

68. Ibid.

69. Ibid.

70. Lattimore to Rogers, November 27, 1972, LP.

1. Lattimore to Rogers, March 24, 1973, LP.

2. Ibid.

1. Lattimore to Rogers, March 24, 1973, LP.

2. Ibid.

3. Nyman (Bogolepov) to Lattimore, April 10, 1973, LP.

4. Robert Morris, in 1987 the only survivor of the SISS staff, told me that after several years in the United States, Nyman got homesick, lonesome, and depressed, and returned to the Soviet Union. Telephone conversation with Morris, August 26, 1987.

5. Lattimore to Rogers, May 6, 1973, LP.

6. Lattimore to Rogers, January 24, 1974, LP.

7. Ibid.

6. Lattimore to Rogers, January 24, 1974, LP.

7. Ibid.

8. Lattimore to Rogers, February 4, 1974, LP.

9. Lattimore to Rogers, February 11, 1974, LP.

10. Lelyveld, "Peking Says the 'High Tide' of Its New Campaign Is Still to Come," New York Times , February 9, 1974.

11. Burns, "Peking Is Gripped by New Militancy," New York Times , February 10, 1974.

12. "The Mongolia Society Business Meeting Attended by Owen Lattimore," April 1, 1974, Lattimore File, CIA.

13. Lattimore to Rogers, May 7, 1974, LP.

14. Lattimore to Eaton, April 15, 1974, LP.

15. Lattimore to David Lattimore, July 7, 1974, LP.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

15. Lattimore to David Lattimore, July 7, 1974, LP.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

15. Lattimore to David Lattimore, July 7, 1974, LP.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

18. Lattimore to David Lattimore, July 28, August 9, and September 14, 1974, LP.

19. Lattimore to David Lattimore, January 24, 1975, LP.

20. Ibid.

19. Lattimore to David Lattimore, January 24, 1975, LP.

20. Ibid.

21. Lattimore to David Lattimore, March 29, 1975, LP.

22. Lattimore, "Asia from the Landward Side" (mimeographed), Harvard Faculty club, May 28, 1975, LP.

23. Ibid.

22. Lattimore, "Asia from the Landward Side" (mimeographed), Harvard Faculty club, May 28, 1975, LP.

23. Ibid.

24. Lattimore to David Lattimore, July 29, 1975, LP.

25. Author interview with Fujiko Isono, August 27, 1988; Lattimore to David Lattimore, July 29, 1975, LP.

26. Lattimore to Piel, February 20, 1976, Piel private papers.

27. Ibid.

26. Lattimore to Piel, February 20, 1976, Piel private papers.

27. Ibid.

28. Lattimore to Piels, October 8, 1986, Piel private papers.

29. Lattimore to Piels, April 6, 1976, Piel private papers.

30. Lattimore to Piels, April 10, 1976, Piel private papers.

31. Lattimore to Piel, January 14, 1977, Piel private papers.

32. Gene F. Wilson to Lattimore, June 30, 1977, LP.

33. Lattimore to Piels, April 11, 1977, Piel private papers.

34. Lattimore to David Lattimore, April 25, 1978, LP.

35. This and other events of his 1978 stay in Mongolia are related in Lattimore's April 25-May 6 diary-letter to David Lattimore, LP.

36. Lattimore to author, October 5, 1978.

37. Lattimore presentation to Honors College seminar, University of Pittsburgh, March 20, 1979.

38. UPI Reporter , May 3, 1979.

39. Lattimore to author, November 30, 1979.

1. Lattimore to Piels, February 23, 1981, Piel private papers; Lattimore to author, February 23, 1980.

2. Lattimore to author, August 16, 1980.

3. Ibid.

2. Lattimore to author, August 16, 1980.

3. Ibid.

4. Lattimore to Piels, April 8, 1980, Piel private papers; Lattimore to author, August 16, 1980.

5. Lattimore to Piels, December 25, 1980, Piel private papers.

6. Lattimore to author, October 12, 1981.

7. This and all subsequent references to the 1981 trip are from a telephone conversation with Maria Lattimore, January 10, 1988, and her letter to author, July 10, 1988.

8. Martin, "Lattimore, Disagreeing with U.S. Views, Revisits China at Eighty," Baltimore Sun , July 8, 1981.

9. Ibid.

8. Martin, "Lattimore, Disagreeing with U.S. Views, Revisits China at Eighty," Baltimore Sun , July 8, 1981.

9. Ibid.

10. Lattimore to author, October 12, 1981.

11. Lattimore to Piels, February 9, 1982, Piel private papers.

12. Lattimore to author, August 12, 1983.

13. Lattimore to Nets, August 29, 1982, Net private papers.

14. Spencer, "Scholar Says He Doesn't Mind Loss of Notoriety," Kansas City Times , October 23, 1982.

15. Lattimore to Piels, April 5, 1983, Piel private papers.

16. Lattimore to Piels, August 22, 1983, Piel private papers; Lattimore to author, August 12, 1983.

17. Author interview with David Lattimore, January 25, 1988; Lattimore to author, December 3, 1985.

18. Lattimore to author, April 4, 1986.

19. Association of American Geographers, Newsletter , 1986.

20. Lattimore, "Mongolia as a Leading State," 16-17.

21. Lattimore to author, August 2, 1986.

22. "U.S. and Mongolia in Ceremony Establishing Diplomatic Relations," New York Times , January 28, 1987; Lattimore to author, February 20, 1987.

23. Lattimore to Piels, June 2, 1987, Piel private papers.

24. Lattimore to author, February 6, 1987.

25. Cotton, Asian Frontier Nationalism , 148-49.

26. Watkins, Enough Rope , ix.