Works in English

Abrams, M. H. The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition. New York: W. W. Norton, 1958.

Ali, Ahmed. The Golden Tradition: An Anthology of Urdu Poetry. New York: Columbia University Press, 1973.

Andrews, C.F. Zaka Ullah of Delhi. Lahore: Universal Books, 1976 [1929].

Andrews, Walter G. An Introduction to Ottoman Poetry. Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica, 1976.

Bausani, Alessandro. “Alt̤āf Ḥusain Ḥālī’s Ideas on Ghazal. ” In Charisteria Orientalia (in Honor of Jan Rypka), edited by Felix Tauer et al., 38-55. Prague: Csekoslovenská Akademie Vèd, 1956.

Browne, Edward G. A Literary History of Persia. 4 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964 [1902].

Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman. The Secret Mirror. Delhi: Academic Literature, 1981.

Fisher, Michael H. A Clash of Cultures: Awadh, the British and the Mughals. Riverdale, Md.: The Riverdale Company, 1987.

Ghalib, Mirza Asadullah Khan. Dastanbuy: A Diary of the Indian Revolt of 1857. Translated by Khwaja Ahmad Faruqi. Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1970.

——————. Urdu Letters of Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib. Edited and translated by Daud Rahbar. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987.

Graham, G. F. I. The Life and Work of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1974 [1875].

Gupta, Narayani. Delhi between Two Empires, 1803-1931: Society, Government and Urban Growth. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981.

Hali, Altaf Husain. Hayat-i-javed. Translated by K. H. Qadiri and David Matthews. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1979.

——————. Voices of Silence. Translated by Gail Minault. Delhi: Chanakya Publications, 1986. [Translations of Majālis un-nisā and Chup kī dād. . ]

——————. Yadgar-e-Ghalib. Translated by K. H. Qadiri. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1990. [The translator’s own extensive comments are confusingly interwoven into an abridged text of the original.]

Husain, Agha Mahdi. Bahadur Shah II and the War of 1857 in Delhi with Its Unforgettable Scenes. Delhi: Atma Ram and Sons, 1958.

Khan, Nadir Ali. A History of Urdu Journalism, 1822-1857. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1991.

Khatak, Sarfaraz Khan. Shaikh Muhammad Ali Hazin: His Life, Times, and Works. Lahore: Shaikh Muhammad Ashraf, 1944.

Leitner, G.W. History of Indigenous Education in the Panjab since Annexation and in 1882. Patiala: Punjab Government Languages Department, 1971 [1882].

Lelyveld, David. Aligarh’s First Generation: Muslim Solidarity in British India. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978.

Malik Ram. Hali. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 1982.

Matthews, D. J. , C. Shackle, and Shahrukh Husain. Urdu Literature. London: Urdu Markaz, 1985.

Meisami, Julie Scott. Persian Court Poetry. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.

Mirza, Mohammad Wahid. The Life and Works of Amir Khusrau. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1974 [1935].

Naim, C.M. “Mughal and English Patronage of Urdu Poetry: A Comparison. ” In The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture, edited by Barbara S. Miller, 259-76. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Petievich, Carla R. Assembly of Rivals: Delhi, Lucknow, and the Urdu Ghazal. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1992.

Pritchett, Frances W. “Convention in the Classical Urdu Ghazal: The Case of Mīr. ” Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 3, no. 1 (Fall 1979): 60-77.

Pritchett, Frances W. “Orient Pearls Unstrung: The Quest for Unity in the Ghazal. ” Edebiyat (n. s.) 4 (1993): 119-35.

Pritchett, Frances W. , and Khaliq Ahmad Khaliq. Urdu Meter: A Practical Handbook. Madison: South Asian Studies, University of Wisconsin, 1987.

Pybus, G.D. A Textbook of Urdu Prosody and Rhetoric. Lahore: Rama Krishna and Sons, 1924.

Qadir, Abdul. Famous Urdu Poets and Writers. Lahore: New Book Society, 1947.

Qamber, Akhter, trans. The Last Musha’irah of Dehli. Delhi: Orient Longman, 1979. [A translation of Farḥatullāh Beg’s Dihlī kī āḳhirī sham‘a, c. 1935-36.]

Russell, Ralph, ed. Ghalib: The Poet and His Age. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1972.

——————. “How Not to Write the History of Urdu Literature. ” Annual of Urdu Studies 6 (1987): 1-10.

——————. The Pursuit of Urdu Literature: A Select History. London: Zed Books, 1992.

Russell, Ralph, and Khurshidul Islam, ed. and trans. Ghalib: Life and Letters. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1969.

Sadiq, Muhammad. A History of Urdu Literature. 2d ed. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1984 [1964].

——————. Muhammad Husain Azad: His Life and Works. Lahore: West-Pak Publishing Co., 1974.

Saksena, Ram Babu. A History of Urdu Literature. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1990 [1927].

Shackle, Christopher, ed. Urdu and Muslim South Asia: Studies in Honour of Ralph Russell. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1989.

Spear, Percival. Twilight of the Mughuls. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1980 [1951].

Steele, Laurel. “Hali and His Muqaddamah: The Creation of a Literary Attitude in Nineteenth-Century India. ” Annual of Urdu Studies1 (1981): 1-45.

Syed, Muhammad Aslam. Muslim Response to the West: Muslim Historiography in India, 1857-1914. Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, 1988.

Viswanathan, Gauri. Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989.